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Dalmatian Italians

2024-12-13T09:32:31Z

Peter Z.: fix/tidy

[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia.png|thumb|right|600px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]]]
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|400px| The original Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire-476 AD]]
'''Dalmatian Italians''' are a historical national minority in the region of Dalmatia which is now predominately part of [[Croatia]].

When [[Austria|Austrian Empire]] occupied ''Republic of Venice's'' region of Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) in '''1815''' the Venetian-Italian speaking population made up, (''according'' to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatia in the first half of the 19th century. Then in 1816 Austrian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people among the 301 000 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien), or 22% of the total Dalmatian population. After [[World War II]], the Dalmatian Italian population was reduced to 1,000–4,000 people in todays Croatia's Dalmatia and Montenegro.

Today they reside mostly in the city areas of Zadar, Split, Trogir, and Sibenik in Croatia, and Kotor, Perast, and Budva in Montenegro. In other parts of Croatia, there are Italian communities located in the '''Istrian''' peninsula and the city of Rijeka.

'''Note''': During the Austro-Hungarian (Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) census of 1910,<ref>Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.</ref> 2.8% Italians were registered in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. This high drop can be explained by '''high immigration''' as well as families who were of dual culture (Italian-Croatian), who decided to register themselves as Croatian (Hrvati). Additionally there is reasonable proof of the Austrian authorities deliberate manipulation of statistics for political gain.

The population decline was mainly as a result of the rise of European nationalism as well as economic reasons and finally fleeing the Yugoslav Communists. <ref> Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)
* "Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labor, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 '''ethnic Italians''' fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref>
== Early History==
=== Roman Dalmatia ===
According to scholar '''Theodor Mommsen''', Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the ''Roman Empire'' collapsed. More recent theories have suggested that this would only apply to cities and towns, whilst in the country side, this would not have been the case.

The Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths) ruled Roman Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD.

Barbarian invasions from the 6th century on-wards, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)
* "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> brought certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with Eurasian Avars <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic
* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. ''Please note'' the Eastern Roman Empire survived after the fall of Rome).

This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the old Roman Dalmatia region to be much later and smaller in numbers.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref><ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in '''particular''' the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref>) seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the settlement of Slavs more in the region of the late 8th century. The early sources must have reflected the raid and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within the former Roman Dalmatia area.

Please note there are no '''contemporary''' written records about the invasion/migration/settlement events of Slavs in the area itself.

The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> for a while on the islands and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps. These people within the Dinaric Alps were later known as Morlachs (''or'' Vlachs, Nigri Latini). Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were '''Jadera''' (Zara, modern: Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato, modern: Split), '''Ragusa''' (modern: Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (modern:Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin'' the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopaedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire-Eastern Roman Empire) <ref>University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp topography of the mountains of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the inland being settled by Slavs.

Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].

Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''lingua franca'' of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.

[[File:Roger Joseph Boscovich.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-87), a Jesuit scientist who was born in Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa) to a father of [[Croatia|Croatian]] and a mother of [[Italy|Italian]] ancestry.]]
[[File:250px-Ragusa.png|thumb|right|325px|'''Republic of Ragusa'''. Today part of modern [[Croatia]].]]
==== Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance====
From the late Middle Ages onwards certain sections of the population slowly started to merge with the Slavic peoples of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. The 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, which destroyed the greater part of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) has been cited as a turning point for the make up of the ethnic population of the Republic. This new Slavic population within the Republic became, with time, Romanised (adopted Latin culture). Within Ragusa's community there were mixed marriages (i.e. Roger Joseph Boscovich).<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=J4TZPlihVUoC&pg=PA156&dq=Roger+Joseph+Boscovich+italian+mother&hl=en&ei=q8y-Te2lLISovQOiwpDbBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roger%20Joseph%20Boscovich%20italian%20mother&f=false The Extraterrestrial Life Debate, 1750-1900 ] by Michael J. Crowe (p.156) </ref>

Croatians in Dalmatia, as well as other regions, have language remnants of the extinct [[Latin|Romance Latin]] language - Dalmatian and additionally there are influences of old Venetian in the [[Directory:Korcula History 2#Korcula dialect and Venetian|local dialects]]. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797 (dissolved in 1797 by the French Empire). During that period, part of its Slavic population were Romanised.
'''

In old Venetian '''Dalmàssia''', as it was called by the Venetians (modern: Dalmazia Veneta), enjoyed periods of economic prosperity with the development of arts and culture. Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the northern Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were constructed in those years, from Zadar and Split to Sibenik (Sebenico) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa).

'''Zara''' (modern: Zadar) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Italian Venetian language became the 'lingua franca' of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Latin/Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region. Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514) was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==
The original Roman Dalmatia is now divided between Croatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. The cultural influence from the ''Republic of Venice'' is clearly evident in the urbanisation plans of the main Dalmatian cities of Croatia. One of the best examples is the one of Split (Spalato).

In 1880 Antonio Bajamonti (one of the last Dalmatian Italian Mayors of Split under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule) developed an urbanisation project of this city centred on the 'Riva', a seaside walkway full of palms based on the Italian Riviera models. Today the Riva (with cafe bars) is used by the locals to walk in a typical Italian way from the '''Palace of Diocletian''' (built by the Roman Empire) towards an old square called locally 'Pjaca' (''or'' square in Venetian).

In Dalmatia, religious and public architecture flourished with influences of the northern Italian Renaissance. Important to mention are the Cathedral of St James in Sibenik, the Chapel of Blessed John in Trogir, and Sorgo’s villa in Dubrovnik.
[[File:280px-Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|200px|Republic of Venice-1796 ''(Created by MapMaster)'']]
===Musical styles===
In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is '''Klapa music''' (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa singing crowd). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavs to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.

The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed around half a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups). Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today. Modern Klapa style singing was further developed in the 1960s.

[[File:Perasto (1900).jpg|thumb|right|325px| Postcard showing the Venetian architecture of Perast in 1900]]

=== Perast in Coastal Montenegro ===
A Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture. The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of Venice (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On the 22nd of August 1797 Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the ‘Gonfalon of Venice’ under the altar of the main church within the town of Perast. The population decreased to 430 in 1910. .<ref>www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>

The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the '''Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro''', in Perast there are people who's local dialect have remnants of the original Venetian dialect of Perast called 'Veneto da mar'.

== Perspectives on Dalmatia ==
*Dalmatia was named by the Romans after the Dalmatae (''or'' Delmatae) Illyrian tribes <ref>Medieval Greek"Dalmatae": Δαλμᾶται.</ref> who inhabited the region.

*In the 19th century the cultural influence from the Italian region originated the creation in Zadar (Zara) of the first Dalmatian newspaper, edited in Italian and Croat: Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin. It was founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806.

* In the census of 1808 done by France (Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy) it declared Venetians to be about 33% of the Dalmatians, mostly in urban areas. They were the majority on the islands main towns like Curzola (modern Korcula) and Lissa (modern Vis).

*After [[World War Two]] the Slavicisation of the of Dalmatia region was a government policy under the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. All cities, towns, villages, family and peoples surnames that are not of Slavic origin were being translated. The Austrians in the 1860s first started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski).
=====Sir John Gardner Wilkinson=====
[[File:400px-Split riva.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The '''Riva''' of Split, that was created and named by Antonio Bajamonti. ''(photo by Mate Balota)'']]
Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He was in Dubrovnik (then called Ragusa) in 1848, he wrote in his; Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina:
{{quote|
''[[Italian language|Italian]] is spoken in all the seaports of Dalmatia, but the language of the country is a dialect of the Slavonic, which alone is used by peasants in the interior.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4)</ref>}}{{quote|
''Their language though gradually falling into Venetianisms of the other Dalmatians towns, still retains some of that pure Italian idiom, for which was always noted.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UsYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA362&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Their+language+through+gradually+falling+into+Venetianisms&hl=en&ei=MfyqTLCJHc_IcZnDhOoE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p362)</ref>}}

=====Andrew Archibald Paton=====
Andrew Archibald Paton (1811 - 1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century. In 1861 '''he wrote''' in his; Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: Or, Contributions to the Modern:
{{quote|
''... the islands of Dalmatia owe much of their culture to the near vicinity of Venice and the more extensive use of the Italian language...'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&dq=Researches+on+the+Danube+and+the+Adriatic++the+extensive+use+of+Italian&hl=en&ei=5b0GTeaTKJHGvQPyj8zNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Volume 1] ''by'' Andrew Archibald Paton (p167)</ref>}}

=====The Shores of the Adriatic by F. Hamilton Jackson (1908)=====

{{quote|
''They are a powerful and a proud race, as the following story from Fortis shows, and will without doubt leave their mark on European history when their culture equals their physical powers; but the present race-animosity between Croat and Italian is deplorable. The Croats, being in the majority, are using their power to oppress the Italian-speaking portion of the population. The schools are now all Croat, and the Italians have no means of instruction for their children in their own language except at Zara. At Spalato the race-feeling is especially bitter; it is the only city in Dalmatia in which the anniversary of the Italian defeat at Lissa is fêted with display of flags and music by the municipio. The Italian theatre was burnt down some years ago, and the Croat majority on the council voted a large sum of money (stated to have been £60,000) to build a new Croat theatre to replace it; and this they refused to let to Italian companies. But there are no Croat companies ready to bear the expense of coming to Spalato, so the theatre remains closed! ''}}

=====Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide)=====

*Dalmatia-The Land Where East Meets West by Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide from COSIMO books and publications [[New York]] USA):
{{quote|
''Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and Latin spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa, just as you hear Slavish and Italian today ; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EcvNw81I3hkC&pg=PA121&dq=Dalmatia:+The+Land+Where+East+Meets+West+Slavish+and+Italian+today&hl=en&ei=J46dTKDEF4XOvQOT_PS4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia: The Land Where East Meets West] by Maude Holbach (p121)
* "DALMATIA: The Land Where East Meets West is MAUDE M. HOLBACH's second book of travel in Eastern Europe. First published in '''1910''', this is an anthropological travel journal of an often-overlooked kingdom"</ref>}}
[[File: Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' (Korcula) in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

=====The National Party=====
[[Image:antonio.bajamonti.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Antonio Bajamonti-the last Dalmatian Italian major of '''Split''']]
*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). From the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.
{{quote|
''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

=====Luciano Monzali=====
{{quote|
''Pavlinovic argued forcefully that only Slavs lived in Dalmatia and that these Slavs were all Croatians. He denied not just the existence of an element of an element of Italian language and culture in Dalmatia but also the legitimacy of the Serb presence. Italians and Serbs had only one alternative: to become Croatian or leave.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Italians+and+Serbs+had+only+one+alternative:+to+become+Croatian+or+leave&source=bl&ots=Sx1cLugl2z&sig=PAqXCGNkAk7SIJ7L3V_1QCxtFyw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Italians%20and%20Serbs%20had%20only%20one%20alternative%3A%20to%20become%20Croatian%20or%20leave&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:]From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p102)</ref>}}

=====Edwin Dino Veggian=====
{{quote|
''Some Croatian historians and researchers are a legion of agit-props engaged in the “patriotic mission” of promoting the grandeur of their homeland. Their patriotism obeys to a categorical imperative: the country comes first, at any cost, even lying. They “Croatianize“ everybody and everything. Literally hundreds of public figures, artists, scientists, and academics - Italian Dalmatia had in XIX century 32 newspapers and periodicals, a rich history, an incredible artistic, academic and literary life, and glorious maritime traditions - today are mentioned as “Croatian“. Of the original Italian speaking population of the town only about 40 individuals survived. Unnoticed by academic authorities in the West, an implacable (first Panslavistic, then Pan Croat) “nationalisation” of non-Croatian history continued for decades in a dramatic crescendo.''}}

=====Antonio Bajamonti=====
Antonio (Ante) Bajamonti, the most prominent Dalmatian Italian in history, once remarked:
{{quote|
''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}
=====Zadar during and after World War II =====
The chapter below is taken from the Secret Dalmatia Blog site, it is written by Alan Mandic.{{quote|
''The Italian majority in Zadar was first hurt by the [[Directory:American Journals and the Strategic Bombing of Germany|Allied bombings]] and then chased away by the [[Communists|communist]] rule. In those terrible times, many people were looking for all sorts of revenges: from personal to national and many of [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps|Zadar’s Italians]] perished. [<ref> Refugees in the Age of Total War by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>A Tragedy Revealed'' The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12 & ''read ''page 81 '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref> Note: references added by Editor] Some say that bones of many are still in one of the caves of Levrnaka in Kornati, many managed to escape and leave their beloved city for good, some stayed and formed a small Italian community. Among those who went from their homes were Ottavio Missoni (fashion designer born in Dubrovnik)''. <ref>secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past</ref>}}
[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace is part of '''old Split''' (Spalato/Spalatum).]]
[[File:619px-Croatia location map, Split-Dalmatia county.svg.png|thumb|right|215px|Dalmatia today as a political administrative region (Split-Dalmatia), within todays modern [[Croatia]]. ''Map created by Minestrone'' ]]

==More on Yugoslavia's Once Hidden History in Relation to Dalmatia==
=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===
The University of Western Australia study about ''Displaced Persons'' from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]], quote: {{quote|
''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in [[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia, http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au LINK: http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background</ref>}}

==Former Communist Yugoslavia==
The former '''Communist Yugoslavia''' (which Croatia was part of) played a major role during the Cold War era in a suppressive and creating falsehood style of historical documentation of the region’s past. Yugoslav Communist history is now dogma in Croatia. This also would apply to the history of the Dalmatian Italians. Many of today’s Croatians live with this dogma as their reality even though the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. This dogma, falsehood was created by a totalitarian society. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia had a '''profound''' effect on the region.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic (p 47).
* The former Yugoslavia's political and cultural scene were heavily influenced by the cult of personality of the Dictator [[Josip Broz Tito]].</ref> So much so that it has created today’s political and cultural scene.
*Quote from the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"|European Public Hearing]] on '''Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes''': {{quote|
''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the [[Communists|Communist Party]] to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' <ref>''' European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" (p201) </ref><ref> “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regime-'''Brussels'''"</ref>}}

*Statement made by the contemporary historian Dr Danijel Dzino ([[Australia|Australian]] Research Council Australian Postdoctoral Fellow BA (Hons), MA, PhD Adelaide): {{quote|
''Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia '' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p43)</ref>}}
*Statements made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan):
{{quote|
''Such substitutions of “Croat” for” Slav,” however, mislead the reader into believing something the sources do not tell...''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA11&dq=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine+Such+substitutions+of+“Croat”+for”+Slav,”+however&hl=en&ei=oT-ITfy5CoPCvQOo56HZDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p11)</ref>}}
{{quote|
"There is no justification to falsify history to support ethnic ambitions. The Croats and their Balkan neighbours have done this in a major way'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA15&dq=When+ethnicity+did+not+matter+in+the+Balkans++falsify+history&hl=en&ei=vmmZTeq9O4_qvQOtmfj5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p15)</ref>}}
'''Note''': Communist Yugoslavia executed Historian - ''Kerubin Segvic''. He was executed mainly for proposing a different historic model of how Croats came to the western Balkans in the middle ages than that of the Yugoslav government's state policies. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA20&dq=Kerubin+Segvic+Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman&hl=en&ei=ITrwTP7nLsW3cO_RwJYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p20)</ref>

== Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ==
[[File:DPP07DB0B08041810.jpg |thumb|right|125px|Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ]]
The '''region''' of the Western Balkans (former [[Communists|Communist]] Yugoslavia) has problems when interpreting its multicultural, multiethnic history and societies. This most certainly applies to the history of '''Dalmatian Italians''', the former Republic of Ragusa and other regions.

This statement below comes from a book called ''Dalmatia'' (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka:

'''
''"By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian'"' <ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p137)</ref>

The book itself is primarily for the [[Croatia|Croatian]] tourist market and is easily available in several languages in all major bookstores within Croatia.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population.</ref> This quote is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of Ragusa (with it's famous city Dubrovnik) <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref> is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia|title="Croatia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120524/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia |archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref> This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of cultural genocide (the crucial word is '''''wholly'''''). Additionally the book did not even use the term Republic of Ragusa (the closest that it got to this was ''RESPUBLICA RAGUSINA'' on page 141)<ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p141)</ref>. Ragusa the city's original name was used for more than a '''millennium'''. The statement is biased ultra-nationalistic propaganda and is not based on fact.
*Statement made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan, [[USA]]): {{quote|
''This is not surprising since the “Ragusans” identified themselves as Ragusans and not as Croats.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA157&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans+call+themselves+ragusans&hl=en&ei=_WmHTa-ZAo_Bcc63hZcD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=When%20Ethnicity%20did%20not%20Matter%20in%20the%20Balkans%20call%20themselves%20ragusans&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p157)</ref>}}
The City State and then latter the Republic was set up by Roman Latin-Illyrian families and was a nation in its own right. It was also made up of many ethnic nationalities.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RyKgdyV8VgC&pg=PA82&dq=orthodox+church++Dubrovnik&hl=en&ei=VEh2TZPoJsfJcb6kkYUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20church%20%20Dubrovnik&f=false Croatia] by Michael Schuman (p82)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CaK6DeZXX7sC&pg=PA190&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492] By Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (p190)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RsoMAQAAMAAJ&q=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA The Chicago Jewish forum, Volume 23] by Benjamin Weintroub (p271)</ref><ref> Footprint Croatia by Jane Foster</ref> As a Maritime nation it traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas.

== Editor's Note on Old Dubrovnik ==
Below is the research I have done in the last few years concerning the history of the Croatian Dubrovnik area (for now anyway.... I'm always open to new information).

What I have found (I'm not alone) most of Old Dubrovnik's history is mostly mythical and in modern times heavily politically driven (defined within a political context and agenda).

===Conclusion===
The ancient peoples of Dubrovnik identified themselves as Ragusans. Latin-Illyrian families created the Republic of Ragusa. Modern theories say that a small town was already there during the times of the Roman Empire (some say even earlier 'Greek' <ref>Note: Recent findings of artefacts in Dubrovnik suggest to be [[Greece|Greek]] in origin.</ref>).

Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century helped to turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358 <ref>In 1358 the city accepted the mild hegemony of Kingdom of Hungary.</ref>), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa (Latin version: Communitas Ragusina then renamed Respublica Ragusina). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke Latin. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language (Ragusan Dalmatian, now extinct Romance language <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358). The City State (then later Republic) becomes very wealthy, at one stage even rivalling the Republic of Venice.

====The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities====
According to historian Francesco Maria Appendini, Slavic was started to be spoken in Ragusa on regular basis in the 13th century which means the arrival of Croatian Slavs in the City State (for that time an new minority within the City State itself). <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar from Dubrovnik 1768–1837) the Slavic Croatian language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century. But the Charter of Ban Kulin mentions ''Dubrovьcane'', meaning people from Ragusa in 1189. This points to a '''even earlier''' Croatian Slavic presence in Ragusa (in the 12th century). The terms around 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians. Later it became the cities' modern name.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)
* ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has been written that they came from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) were using the outer lands for pastoral activity.

By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). With this the Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).

With time two languages Italian and Slavic (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic. The Ragusan Senate was so concerned with the Slav language being so present in the Republic that it decided that the use of the Slavic (in the senate) was forbidden.
[[File:800px-Dubrovnik 042.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dubrovnik once the capital of the Republic of Ragusa now within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The ''Republic'' in the past was a hub of multi-ethnic communities.]]

Nevertheless the Republic developed a dual character.

====End of The Republic====
In 1808 during the Napoleonic Wars the 'Republic of Ragusa' ceased to be and it became part of the French Empire. In 1815 it was made a part of the Habsburg Empire (renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). At the time the former Republic had a dual character. The old Republic was now within the province of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien) and under Austrian rule. In essence the Republic's borders collapsed and was occupied. With the opening up of the Republic's borders, peoples who were once foreigners (or even enemies), were now citizens of the Habsburg Empire.

The political situation started to change and this was in part due to the nationalistic movements of the 19th century. In the neighbouring Kingdom of Croatia (Königreich Kroatien) a Croatian nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in Austria's Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski <ref> Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875)
*He too referred to the Dalmatian Slavic dialect as Illirskee. Cited from [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA256&dq=Statute+of+Curzola+korcula&hl=en&ei=ZAtdTJ7lF5ivcI-m3NsO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref>). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p83)
* One of the last Italian school that was abolished was in Korčula (Curzola) on the 13th of September 1876.</ref> For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. <ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (in Croatian-p8)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870):

"The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls."</ref>

The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete <ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref><ref>LANGUAGE AND NATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM - A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State (p43)
{{quote|
''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labelling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one, so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected, another Croatian dialect).

====Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History====
A process of cultural assimilation (Croatisation) of the Republic of Ragusa's history began in the 19th century (and in the Kingdom of Dalmatia) and this process is still continuing today. This process happened firstly in relation to the Ragusan-Slavic history and later with the Ragusan-Italianic history.

In relation to this Croatisation of the Republic's history an example we have:

* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa,

now has become a (reinvented). ........... Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Ivan Gundulic (Gondola) wrote many works in Italian and Croatian (previously referred to as Slavic). One of these was the Slavic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. Interestingly, in a 1826 publication his name was written ''Giva Gundulichja'' and in 1967 his work was referred to as: {{quote|
''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulić"'' }} The quote is taken from the book ''Dubrovnik'' by Barisa Krekic.<ref> ''Dubrovnik'' by Bariša Krekić ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic, 1589 — 1638, are the best testimony to this. His epic "Osman" ranks among the greatest masterpieces of early Slavic literature, and also among the most ..."''</ref>

The terms around the word 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians (Dubrovnik is a Croatian word, it's etymology comes from 'oak'. Might have been a reference of them coming from the forest). Later it became the cities second name then the official modern name which was just after World War One.

Please '''note''' Italian and Serbian communities also both trying to claim Republic of Ragusa cultural history.

== See also==
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]
* [[Croatisation]]

== External links ==
* [http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/ Image of Zadar post Allied bombings (February 4th 1944)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:
'' "Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In The Italians of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy."''

==Notes and References==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
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[[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[[Country_Code:=Italy]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Dalmatia::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[City:=Zadar]]
[[City:=Split]]
[[City:= Dubrovnik]]
[[Keyword::Roman Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Italy Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Antun Travirka]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatia History, Culture, Art Heritage]]
[[Keyword::Venetian Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Antonio Bajamonti]]
[[Keyword::Roger Joseph Boscovich]]
[[Keyword::Republic of Ragusa]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatian History]]
[[Keyword::Yugoslavia]]
[[Antun Travirka::biased ultra nationalistic propaganda]]
[[Croatian history::biased ultra nationalistic propaganda]]
[[Croatian history::cultural genocide]]
[[Antun Travirka::cultural genocide]]
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Dalmatian Italians

2024-12-13T09:26:27Z

Peter Z.: /* Editor's Note on Old Dubrovnik */ fix

[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia.png|thumb|right|600px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]]]
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|400px| The original Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire-476 AD]]
'''Dalmatian Italians''' are a historical national minority in the region of Dalmatia which is now predominately part of [[Croatia]].

When [[Austria|Austrian Empire]] occupied ''Republic of Venice's'' region of Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) in '''1815''' the Venetian-Italian speaking population made up, (''according'' to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatia in the first half of the 19th century. Then in 1816 Austrian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people among the 301 000 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien), or 22% of the total Dalmatian population. After [[World War II]], the Dalmatian Italian population was reduced to 1,000–4,000 people in todays Croatia's Dalmatia and Montenegro.

Today they reside mostly in the city areas of Zadar, Split, Trogir, and Sibenik in Croatia, and Kotor, Perast, and Budva in Montenegro. In other parts of Croatia, there are Italian communities located in the '''Istrian''' peninsula and the city of Rijeka.

'''Note''': During the Austro-Hungarian (Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) census of 1910,<ref>Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.</ref> 2.8% Italians were registered in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. This high drop can be explained by '''high immigration''' as well as families who were of dual culture (Italian-Croatian), who decided to register themselves as Croatian (Hrvati). Additionally there is reasonable proof of the Austrian authorities deliberate manipulation of statistics for political gain.

The population decline was mainly as a result of the rise of European nationalism as well as economic reasons and finally fleeing the Yugoslav Communists. <ref> Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)
* "Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labor, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 '''ethnic Italians''' fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref>
== Early History==
=== Roman Dalmatia ===
According to scholar '''Theodor Mommsen''', Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the ''Roman Empire'' collapsed. More recent theories have suggested that this would only apply to cities and towns, whilst in the country side, this would not have been the case.

The Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths) ruled Roman Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD.

Barbarian invasions from the 6th century on-wards, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)
* "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> brought certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with Eurasian Avars <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic
* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. ''Please note'' the Eastern Roman Empire survied after the fall of Rome).

This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the old Roman Dalmatia region to be much later and smaller in numbers.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref><ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in '''particular''' the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref>) seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the settlement of Slavs more in the region of the late 8th century. The early sources must have reflected the raid and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within the former Roman Dalmatia area.

Please note there are no '''contemporary''' written records about the invasion/migration/settlement events of Slavs in the area itself.

The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> for a while on the islands and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps. These people within the Dinaric Alps were later known as Morlachs (''or'' Vlachs, Nigri Latini). Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were '''Jadera''' (Zara, modern: Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato, modern: Split), '''Ragusa''' (modern: Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (modern:Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin'' the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire-Eastern Roman Empire) <ref>University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp topography of the mountains of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the inland being settled by Slavs.

Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].

Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''lingua franca'' of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.

[[File:Roger Joseph Boscovich.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-87), a Jesuit scientist who was born in Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa) to a father of [[Croatia|Croatian]] and a mother of [[Italy|Italian]] ancestry.]]
[[File:250px-Ragusa.png|thumb|right|325px|'''Republic of Ragusa'''. Today part of modern [[Croatia]].]]
==== Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance====
From the late Middle Ages onwards certain sections of the population slowly started to merge with the Slavic peoples of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. The 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, which destroyed the greater part of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) has been cited as a turning point for the make up of the ethnic population of the Republic. This new Slavic population within the Republic became, with time, Romanised (adopted Latin culture). Within Ragusa's community there were mixed marriages (i.e. Roger Joseph Boscovich).<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=J4TZPlihVUoC&pg=PA156&dq=Roger+Joseph+Boscovich+italian+mother&hl=en&ei=q8y-Te2lLISovQOiwpDbBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roger%20Joseph%20Boscovich%20italian%20mother&f=false The Extraterrestrial Life Debate, 1750-1900 ] by Michael J. Crowe (p.156) </ref>

Croatians in Dalmatia, as well as other regions, have language remnants of the extinct [[Latin|Romance Latin]] language - Dalmatian and additionally there are influences of old Venetian in the [[Directory:Korcula History 2#Korcula dialect and Venetian|local dialects]]. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797 (dissolved in 1797 by the French Empire). During that period, part of its Slavic population were Romanised.
'''

In old Venetian '''Dalmàssia''', as it was called by the Venetians (modern: Dalmazia Veneta), enjoyed periods of economic prosperity with the development of arts and culture. Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the northern Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were constructed in those years, from Zadar and Split to Sibenik (Sebenico) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa).

'''Zara''' (modern: Zadar) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Italian Venetian language became the 'lingua franca' of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Latin/Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region. Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514) was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==
The original Roman Dalmatia is now divided between Croatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. The cultural influence from the ''Republic of Venice'' is clearly evident in the urbanisation plans of the main Dalmatian cities of Croatia. One of the best examples is the one of Split (Spalato).

In 1880 Antonio Bajamonti (one of the last Dalmatian Italian Mayors of Split under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule) developed an urbanisation project of this city centred on the 'Riva', a seaside walkway full of palms based on the Italian Riviera models. Today the Riva (with cafe bars) is used by the locals to walk in a typical Italian way from the '''Palace of Diocletian''' (built by the Roman Empire) towards an old square called locally 'Pjaca' (''or'' square in Venetian).

In Dalmatia, religious and public architecture flourished with influences of the northern Italian Renaissance. Important to mention are the Cathedral of St James in Sibenik, the Chapel of Blessed John in Trogir, and Sorgo’s villa in Dubrovnik.
[[File:280px-Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|200px|Republic of Venice-1796 ''(Created by MapMaster)'']]
===Musical styles===
In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is '''Klapa music''' (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa singing crowd). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavs to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.

The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed around half a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups). Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today. Modern Klapa style singing was further developed in the the 1960s.

[[File:Perasto (1900).jpg|thumb|right|325px| Postcard showing the Venetian architecture of Perast in 1900]]

=== Perast in Coastal Montenegro ===
A Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture. The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of Venice (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On the 22nd of August 1797 Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the ‘Gonfalon of Venice’ under the altar of the main church within the town of Perast. The population decreased to 430 in 1910. .<ref>www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>

The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the '''Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro''', in Perast there are people who's local dialect have remnants of the original Venetian dialect of Perast called 'Veneto da mar'.

== Perspectives on Dalmatia ==
*Dalmatia was named by the Romans after the Dalmatae (''or'' Delmatae) Illyrian tribes <ref>Medieval Greek"Dalmatae": Δαλμᾶται.</ref> who inhabited the region.

*In the 19th century the cultural influence from the Italian region originated the creation in Zadar (Zara) of the first Dalmatian newspaper, edited in Italian and Croat: Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin. It was founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806.

* In the census of 1808 done by France (Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy) it declared Venetians to be about 33% of the Dalmatians, mostly in urban areas. They were the majority on the islands main towns like Curzola (modern Korcula) and Lissa (modern Vis).

*After [[World War Two]] the Slavicisation of the of Dalmatia region was a government policy under the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. All cities, towns, villages, family and peoples surnames that are not of Slavic origin were being translated. The Austrians in the 1860s first started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski).
=====Sir John Gardner Wilkinson=====
[[File:400px-Split riva.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The '''Riva''' of Split, that was created and named by Antonio Bajamonti. ''(photo by Mate Balota)'']]
Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He was in Dubrovnik (then called Ragusa) in 1848, he wrote in his; Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina:
{{quote|
''[[Italian language|Italian]] is spoken in all the seaports of Dalmatia, but the language of the country is a dialect of the Slavonic, which alone is used by peasants in the interior.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4)</ref>}}{{quote|
''Their language though gradually falling into Venetianisms of the other Dalmatians towns, still retains some of that pure Italian idiom, for which was always noted.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UsYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA362&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Their+language+through+gradually+falling+into+Venetianisms&hl=en&ei=MfyqTLCJHc_IcZnDhOoE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p362)</ref>}}

=====Andrew Archibald Paton=====
Andrew Archibald Paton (1811 - 1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century. In 1861 '''he wrote''' in his; Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: Or, Contributions to the Modern:
{{quote|
''... the islands of Dalmatia owe much of their culture to the near vicinity of Venice and the more extensive use of the Italian language...'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&dq=Researches+on+the+Danube+and+the+Adriatic++the+extensive+use+of+Italian&hl=en&ei=5b0GTeaTKJHGvQPyj8zNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Volume 1] ''by'' Andrew Archibald Paton (p167)</ref>}}

=====The Shores of the Adriatic by F. Hamilton Jackson (1908)=====

{{quote|
''They are a powerful and a proud race, as the following story from Fortis shows, and will without doubt leave their mark on European history when their culture equals their physical powers; but the present race-animosity between Croat and Italian is deplorable. The Croats, being in the majority, are using their power to oppress the Italian-speaking portion of the population. The schools are now all Croat, and the Italians have no means of instruction for their children in their own language except at Zara. At Spalato the race-feeling is especially bitter; it is the only city in Dalmatia in which the anniversary of the Italian defeat at Lissa is fêted with display of flags and music by the municipio. The Italian theatre was burnt down some years ago, and the Croat majority on the council voted a large sum of money (stated to have been £60,000) to build a new Croat theatre to replace it; and this they refused to let to Italian companies. But there are no Croat companies ready to bear the expense of coming to Spalato, so the theatre remains closed! ''}}

=====Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide)=====

*Dalmatia-The Land Where East Meets West by Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide from COSIMO books and publications [[New York]] USA):
{{quote|
''Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and Latin spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa, just as you hear Slavish and Italian today ; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EcvNw81I3hkC&pg=PA121&dq=Dalmatia:+The+Land+Where+East+Meets+West+Slavish+and+Italian+today&hl=en&ei=J46dTKDEF4XOvQOT_PS4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia: The Land Where East Meets West] by Maude Holbach (p121)
* "DALMATIA: The Land Where East Meets West is MAUDE M. HOLBACH's second book of travel in Eastern Europe. First published in '''1910''', this is an anthropological travel journal of an often-overlooked kingdom"</ref>}}
[[File: Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' (Korcula) in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

=====The National Party=====
[[Image:antonio.bajamonti.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Antonio Bajamonti-the last Dalmatian Italian major of '''Split''']]
*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). From the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.
{{quote|
''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

=====Luciano Monzali=====
{{quote|
''Pavlinovic argued forcefully that only Slavs lived in Dalmatia and that these Slavs were all Croatians. He denied not just the existence of an element of an element of Italian language and culture in Dalmatia but also the legitimacy of the Serb presence. Italians and Serbs had only one alternative: to become Croatian or leave.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Italians+and+Serbs+had+only+one+alternative:+to+become+Croatian+or+leave&source=bl&ots=Sx1cLugl2z&sig=PAqXCGNkAk7SIJ7L3V_1QCxtFyw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Italians%20and%20Serbs%20had%20only%20one%20alternative%3A%20to%20become%20Croatian%20or%20leave&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:]From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p102)</ref>}}

=====Edwin Dino Veggian=====
{{quote|
''Some Croatian historians and researchers are a legion of agit-props engaged in the “patriotic mission” of promoting the grandeur of their homeland. Their patriotism obeys to a categorical imperative: the country comes first, at any cost, even lying. They “Croatianize“ everybody and everything. Literally hundreds of public figures, artists, scientists, and academics - Italian Dalmatia had in XIX century 32 newspapers and periodicals, a rich history, an incredible artistic, academic and literary life, and glorious maritime traditions - today are mentioned as “Croatian“. Of the original Italian speaking population of the town only about 40 individuals survived. Unnoticed by academic authorities in the West, an implacable (first Panslavistic, then Pan Croat) “nationalisation” of non-Croatian history continued for decades in a dramatic crescendo.''}}

=====Antonio Bajamonti=====
Antonio (Ante) Bajamonti, the most prominent Dalmatian Italian in history, once remarked:
{{quote|
''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}
=====Zadar during and after World War II =====
The chapter below is taken from the Secret Dalmatia Blog site, it is written by Alan Mandic.{{quote|
''The Italian majority in Zadar was first hurt by the [[Directory:American Journals and the Strategic Bombing of Germany|Allied bombings]] and then chased away by the [[Communists|communist]] rule. In those terrible times, many people were looking for all sorts of revenges: from personal to national and many of [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps|Zadar’s Italians]] perished. [<ref> Refugees in the Age of Total War by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>A Tragedy Revealed'' The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12 & ''read ''page 81 '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref> Note: references added by Editor] Some say that bones of many are still in one of the caves of Levrnaka in Kornati, many managed to escape and leave their beloved city for good, some stayed and formed a small Italian community. Among those who went from their homes were Ottavio Missoni (fashion designer born in Dubrovnik)''. <ref>secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past</ref>}}
[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace is part of '''old Split''' (Spalato/Spalatum).]]
[[File:619px-Croatia location map, Split-Dalmatia county.svg.png|thumb|right|215px|Dalmatia today as a political administrative region (Split-Dalmatia), within todays modern [[Croatia]]. ''Map created by Minestrone'' ]]

==More on Yugoslavia's Once Hidden History in Relation to Dalmatia==
=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===
The University of Western Australia study about ''Displaced Persons'' from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]], quote: {{quote|
''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in [[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia, http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au LINK: http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background</ref>}}

==Former Communist Yugoslavia==
The former '''Communist Yugoslavia''' (which Croatia was part of) played a major role during the Cold War era in a suppressive and creating falsehood style of historical documentation of the region’s past. Yugoslav Communist history is now dogma in Croatia. This also would apply to the history of the Dalmatian Italians. Many of today’s Croatians live with this dogma as their reality even though the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. This dogma, falsehood was created by a totalitarian society. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia had a '''profound''' effect on the region.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic (p 47).
* The former Yugoslavia's political and cultural scene were heavily influenced by the cult of personality of the Dictator [[Josip Broz Tito]].</ref> So much so that it has created today’s political and cultural scene.
*Quote from the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"|European Public Hearing]] on '''Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes''': {{quote|
''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the [[Communists|Communist Party]] to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' <ref>''' European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" (p201) </ref><ref> “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regime-'''Brussels'''"</ref>}}

*Statement made by the contemporary historian Dr Danijel Dzino ([[Australia|Australian]] Research Council Australian Postdoctoral Fellow BA (Hons), MA, PhD Adelaide): {{quote|
''Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia '' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p43)</ref>}}
*Statements made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan):
{{quote|
''Such substitutions of “Croat” for” Slav,” however, mislead the reader into believing something the sources do not tell...''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA11&dq=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine+Such+substitutions+of+“Croat”+for”+Slav,”+however&hl=en&ei=oT-ITfy5CoPCvQOo56HZDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p11)</ref>}}
{{quote|
"There is no justification to falsify history to support ethnic ambitions. The Croats and their Balkan neighbours have done this in a major way'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA15&dq=When+ethnicity+did+not+matter+in+the+Balkans++falsify+history&hl=en&ei=vmmZTeq9O4_qvQOtmfj5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p15)</ref>}}
'''Note''': Communist Yugoslavia executed Historian - ''Kerubin Segvic''. He was executed mainly for proposing a different historic model of how Croats came to the western Balkans in the middle ages than that of the Yugoslav government's state policies. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA20&dq=Kerubin+Segvic+Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman&hl=en&ei=ITrwTP7nLsW3cO_RwJYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p20)</ref>

== Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ==
[[File:DPP07DB0B08041810.jpg |thumb|right|125px|Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ]]
The '''region''' of the Western Balkans (former [[Communists|Communist]] Yugoslavia) has problems when interpreting its multicultural, multiethnic history and societies. This most certainly applies to the history of '''Dalmatian Italians''', the former Republic of Ragusa and other regions.

This statement below comes from a book called ''Dalmatia'' (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka:

'''
''"By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian'"' <ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p137)</ref>

The book itself is primarily for the [[Croatia|Croatian]] tourist market and is easily available in several languages in all major bookstores within Croatia.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population.</ref> This quote is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of Ragusa (with it's famous city Dubrovnik) <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref> is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia|title="Croatia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120524/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia |archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref> This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of cultural genocide (the crucial word is '''''wholly'''''). Additionally the book did not even use the term Republic of Ragusa (the closest that it got to this was ''RESPUBLICA RAGUSINA'' on page 141)<ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p141)</ref>. Ragusa the city's original name was used for more than a '''millennium'''. The statement is biased ultra-nationalistic propaganda and is not based on fact.
*Statement made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan, [[USA]]): {{quote|
''This is not surprising since the “Ragusans” identified themselves as Ragusans and not as Croats.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA157&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans+call+themselves+ragusans&hl=en&ei=_WmHTa-ZAo_Bcc63hZcD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=When%20Ethnicity%20did%20not%20Matter%20in%20the%20Balkans%20call%20themselves%20ragusans&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p157)</ref>}}
The City State and then latter the Republic was set up by Roman Latin-Illyrian families and was a nation in its own right. It was also made up of many ethnic nationalities.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RyKgdyV8VgC&pg=PA82&dq=orthodox+church++Dubrovnik&hl=en&ei=VEh2TZPoJsfJcb6kkYUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20church%20%20Dubrovnik&f=false Croatia] by Michael Schuman (p82)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CaK6DeZXX7sC&pg=PA190&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492] By Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (p190)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RsoMAQAAMAAJ&q=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA The Chicago Jewish forum, Volume 23] by Benjamin Weintroub (p271)</ref><ref> Footprint Croatia by Jane Foster</ref> As a Maritime nation it traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas.

== Editor's Note on Old Dubrovnik ==
Below is the research I have done in the last few years concerning the history of the Croatian Dubrovnik area (for now anyway.... I'm always open to new information).

What I have found (I'm not alone) most of Old Dubrovnik's history is mostly mythical and in modern times heavily politically driven (defined within a political context and agenda).

===Conclusion===
The ancient peoples of Dubrovnik identified themselves as Ragusans. Latin-Illyrian families created the Republic of Ragusa. Modern theories say that a small town was already there during the times of the Roman Empire (some say even earlier 'Greek' <ref>Note: Recent findings of artefacts in Dubrovnik suggest to be [[Greece|Greek]] in origin.</ref>).

Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century helped to turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358 <ref>In 1358 the city accepted the mild hegemony of Kingdom of Hungary.</ref>), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa (Latin version: Communitas Ragusina then renamed Respublica Ragusina). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke Latin. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language (Ragusan Dalmatian, now extinct Romance language <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358). The City State (then later Republic) becomes very wealthy, at one stage even rivalling the Republic of Venice.

====The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities====
According to historian Francesco Maria Appendini, Slavic was started to be spoken in Ragusa on regular basis in the 13th century which means the arrival of Croatian Slavs in the City State (for that time an new minority within the City State itself). <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar from Dubrovnik 1768–1837) the Slavic Croatian language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century. But the Charter of Ban Kulin mentions ''Dubrovьcane'', meaning people from Ragusa in 1189. This points to a '''even earlier''' Croatian Slavic presence in Ragusa (in the 12th century). The terms around 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians. Later it became the cities' modern name.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)
* ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has been written that they came from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) were using the outer lands for pastoral activity.

By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). With this the Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).

With time two languages Italian and Slavic (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic. The Ragusan Senate was so concerned with the Slav language being so present in the Republic that it decided that the use of the Slavic (in the senate) was forbidden.
[[File:800px-Dubrovnik 042.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dubrovnik once the capital of the Republic of Ragusa now within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The ''Republic'' in the past was a hub of multi-ethnic communities.]]

Nevertheless the Republic developed a dual character.

====End of The Republic====
In 1808 during the Napoleonic Wars the 'Republic of Ragusa' ceased to be and it became part of the French Empire. In 1815 it was made a part of the Habsburg Empire (renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). At the time the former Republic had a dual character. The old Republic was now within the province of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien) and under Austrian rule. In essence the Republic's borders collapsed and was occupied. With the opening up of the Republic's borders, peoples who were once foreigners (or even enemies), were now citizens of the Habsburg Empire.

The political situation started to change and this was in part due to the nationalistic movements of the 19th century. In the neighbouring Kingdom of Croatia (Königreich Kroatien) a Croatian nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in Austria's Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski <ref> Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875)
*He too referred to the Dalmatian Slavic dialect as Illirskee. Cited from [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA256&dq=Statute+of+Curzola+korcula&hl=en&ei=ZAtdTJ7lF5ivcI-m3NsO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref>). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p83)
* One of the last Italian school that was abolished was in Korčula (Curzola) on the 13th of September 1876.</ref> For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. <ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (in Croatian-p8)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870):

"The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls."</ref>

The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete <ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref><ref>LANGUAGE AND NATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM - A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State (p43)
{{quote|
''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labelling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one, so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected, another Croatian dialect).

====Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History====
A process of cultural assimilation (Croatisation) of the Republic of Ragusa's history began in the 19th century (and in the Kingdom of Dalmatia) and this process is still continuing today. This process happened firstly in relation to the Ragusan-Slavic history and later with the Ragusan-Italianic history.

In relation to this Croatisation of the Republic's history an example we have:

* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa,

now has become a (reinvented). ........... Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Ivan Gundulic (Gondola) wrote many works in Italian and Croatian (previously referred to as Slavic). One of these was the Slavic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. Interestingly, in a 1826 publication his name was written ''Giva Gundulichja'' and in 1967 his work was referred to as: {{quote|
''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulić"'' }} The quote is taken from the book ''Dubrovnik'' by Barisa Krekic.<ref> ''Dubrovnik'' by Bariša Krekić ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic, 1589 — 1638, are the best testimony to this. His epic "Osman" ranks among the greatest masterpieces of early Slavic literature, and also among the most ..."''</ref>

The terms around the word 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians (Dubrovnik is a Croatian word, it's etymology comes from 'oak'. Might have been a reference of them coming from the forest). Later it became the cities second name then the official modern name which was just after World War One.

Please '''note''' Italian and Serbian communities also both trying to claim Republic of Ragusa cultural history.

== See also==
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]
* [[Croatisation]]

== External links ==
* [http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/ Image of Zadar post Allied bombings (February 4th 1944)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:
'' "Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In The Italians of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy."''

==Notes and References==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
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[[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
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[[City:=Zadar]]
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[[City:= Dubrovnik]]
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[[Keyword::Antun Travirka]]
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[[Keyword::Roger Joseph Boscovich]]
[[Keyword::Republic of Ragusa]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatian History]]
[[Keyword::Yugoslavia]]
[[Antun Travirka::biased ultra nationalistic propaganda]]
[[Croatian history::biased ultra nationalistic propaganda]]
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Vallegrande Speak

2024-12-13T09:17:26Z

Peter Z.: /* Chronology-Korcula Island Languages */ fix

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Old Vela Luka Speak}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The island of Korcula is marked red. Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]] ]]

'''Old Vela Luka Speak''' in Croatian, ''Staro Luški govor'' <ref>Tako su stari govorili. Translated: ''That's how the old folk use to speak''.</ref> (or
alternatively it could be called Vallegrande Speak) is an old [[Korcula Dialect]] from the small town of Vela Luka. The town is on the west end of the island of Korčula.<ref>The č is pronounced ''ch''.</ref> The island of Korčula lies just off the Dalmatian coast in [[Croatia]].<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> The language base of this Korčula Dialect is '''Croatian Chakavian''' <ref>'''Editors note''': Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago (prior to the arrival of the Slavs). The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian (Hrvat) identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.</ref> (it is also intermixed with Old Western Shtokavian<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan

* "However, the clashes between the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Pag [Dalmazia Veneta]. The newcomers brought their gene pool and a variety of cultural specificities, including the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language to the predominantly “Chakavian” area. The most extensive migrations to these islands occurred during the Cypriote (1571-1573), Candian (1645-1669), and Morean wars (1684-1699)."</ref>). It has very strong elements of ''Italian Venetian'' and it also has small remnants of the extinct Romance (Latin) language, '''Dalmatian''' <ref>PRILOG PROUČAVANJU LEKSIČKIH RAZLIKA IZMEĐU GOVORA BLATA I VELE LUKE (I) by Petar Milat Panža ''(Eng:'' Contribution to the Study of Lexical Differences Between the Speech of Blato and Vela Luka): ''..... a famous Croatian linguist finally asserted that there is no Slavic studies without Roman studies! He admitted that it is not possible to study the Croatian language with its three dialects - Štokavian, Kajkavian and Chakavian - without studying Romance influences, especially on our Chakavian languages. By the term Romanic influences, we understand remnants from Latin through Dalmatian (Old Dalmatian, Dalmatian-Romance), then remnants from Venetian and all other Italian dialects, and finally the influences of the standard Italian language. Another group worthy of research is the lexicon of Slavic origin, which appears in the speech of Vela Luka, but is not present in the speech of Blato.''

</ref><ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref>. The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been sometimes referred to as Corzulot. The local dialect is sometimes referred to as 'Naški' <ref>'''Note''': Naški means 'ours' thus meaning ''"our language"'' in Croatian.</ref> (the '''š''' is pronounced '''sh''').

The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the '''Republic of Venice''' (the French Empire dissolved the Republic <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima </ref> in 1797). The Old-Slavic term was Krkar. According to Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic written in his [[Defence of Korcula (part two)|Defence of Korcula in 1571]] the Greeks named it ''Corcyra Melena''.<ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>

One of Korčula's older names was Curzola. Vela Luka in the past was called Vallegrande (Latin: vallem maximam).

[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|500px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from 1903, written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by Ernesto Furlani.]]

===Chronology-Korcula Island Languages===
* Illyrian (Delmatae)
* Greek
* Latin (Romans)
* Romance Dalmatian (Vulgar Latin)
* Croatian (Slavic Chakavian)
* Venetian (Romance language)
* Old West Shtokavian - Slavic
* Italian (standardise language arrived, besides Latin)
* Croato-Serbian (Slavic standardise language<ref>Standardise Croatian arrived in the late 1850s. The Standardise language was referred to as '''Illyrian''' (Illirski). Ref from Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, p.50 written in Croatian</ref> ''also'' known as Serbo-Croatian, based on Neo Štokavian<ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg]</ref>)
Modern times
* Croatian (Croatian Literary Standard, standardise language)

==Words from the Old Vela Luka Dialect - Staro Luški==
Old Vela Luka Dialect - '''English''' - Croatian
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* A boje da ni - yes of course it is - Dakako da jeste
* adio - goodbye - doviđenja (addio: meaning in Italian goodbye)
* adojat - to please (aldojat: meaning in Romance Dalmatian ''to feel at home, to be settled'')
* afitat - rent ('''Venetian Italian''': afìt)
* aimemeni ''or'' aime meni - poor me ''or'' oh dear, dear me
* alavia - done properly ''or'' it's Ok!, just right - u redu (Romance Dalmatian ''just right'')
* apoteka - pharmacy (Venetian: apoteca, '''Greek''': Apotheke)
* arbol - ship's mast
* aria - air - zdrak (Venetian: aria)
* arma - armed (Venetian: arma)
* ašeta - a type of tool
* avižat <ref>The ž is is pronounced ''zh''.</ref> - to arrive - došao
* bala - dance - plesati (Venetian: baleto)
* balanca - balance, weighing scale
* baleta - bullet - metak (Venetian: bal)
* banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means ''side & flank'')
* balun - football (Venetian: balón)
* banak - bench (Venetian: banca) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jz2V1LL2u1YC&pg=PA19&dq=Bench+seat++in+Venetian&hl=en&ei=DSEbTb--Komlcb6vlLMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venetian-English English-Venetian:] When in Venice Do as the Venetians ''by'' Lodovico Pizzati (p19)</ref>
* baraka - shed ''or'' shack (Venetian: baràca)
* barba - uncle - stric (Venetian: barba)
* bareta - cap, hat (Venetian: baret)
* barilo - barrel (Venetian: barìla)
* barka - type of local boat (Venetian: bàrca)
* bašje - lower (Romance Dalmatian: ''bas de'')
* bat - a type of hammer (Venetian: batu meaning to strike)
* bevanda - wine with water - vino sa vodom (Venetian: bevànda ''"watery wine"'')
* beštija - animal - životinja ('''Latin''': bestia ''also'' beast)
* beštimat - swear (Venetian: bestiemàr)
* bičve - socks - čarape
* bićerin - small glass (Venetian: bicér ''"glass"'')
* bilo - white - bjelo
* bira - beer - pivo (Venetian: bira)
* bluza - female shirt - ženska košulja
* Brigela - local nickname (Venetian: brighela ''joker'')
* brokva - nail
* bobon - lolly
* boca - bottle - flaša (Venetian: boca)
* bome - of course - naravno (Romance Dalmatian: bome)
* bonaca - the sea is dead calm (Venetian: bonàça)
* botilja - bottle ('''Romance Dalmatian''': ''botaila'')
* botun - button (Romance Dalmatian: ''botaun'')
* bravo - well done
* buka - noisy - glasan (Romance Dalmatian: buka)
* bukva - herring
* bura - local wind (Venetian: bora)
* burlsa - bag
* butiga - shop
* buža - hole - rupa (Venetian: bus ''or'' buxa)
* cilo - wine without water - vino bez vode
* Cilo doba sam bi tu - I was there all along - Tu sam bio neprestano
* cima - rope’s end (also called bitter end); rope put overboard; edge, end or tip of something. Origin: The earliest record of the term is the Italian - cima, at the beginning of the 17th century. <ref>Lingua Franca in the Dalmatian Fishing and Nautical Terminology by J.Božanić</ref>
* cukar - sugar - šečer (Venetian: sucaro)
* čakule - gossip (č is ch)
* čagalj - jackal
* čejad - people - ljudi
* ćìkara - small cup - šalica (Venetian: chicara)
* čorav - blind (Venetian: ciòro ''"blind person"'')
* damižana - a netted bottle
* daska - small plank
* daž - rain - kiša
* '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
* denti - teeth - zubi (Romance Dalmatian)
* dobota - nearly - (Venetian: dedoto ''or'' doboto)
* dreto - straight (Romance Dalmatian: drat)
* di - where - gdje
* dite - child - djete
* Di greš?- Where are you going?
* Di si? Where are you?
* Esi ija? ''or'' Esi izja? - Did you eat?
* ižejat - to work out ''or'' improvise
* ipo - half
* iza - after ''or'' above
* izija - ate
* izvrtit - to undo a screw
* faca - face - lice (Venetian: faca)
* fabrika - factory - tvornica (Latin: fabrica- manufacture ''or'' to craft, trade, art, trick, device)
* fabrikat - to trick
* falso - fake (Venetian: falso "liar")
* farmacia - pharmacy - Apoteka (Romance Dalmatian)
* fatiga - work - radi
* febra - fever
* feral - a gas or petroleum lamp for attracting fish (night fishing). Also in Venetian feral means "lamp".
* fermai - stop - stani (Italian: fermare ''verb'' 'stop')
* feta - slice (Venetian: feta)
* feca - wine sludge
* figura - figure (Venetian: figura)
* fjaka - When one feels sleepy on a lazy summer day afternoon.
* forma - shape (Venetian: forma)
* fraja - to go out and have a good time (Venetian: fraja-happy company ''or'' happy bunch)
* fratar - brother - brat (Romance Dalmatian)
* frigati - to fry (Romance Dalmatian: fregur)
* '''frižul''' - a spot to have a chat, on a stone bench <ref>''''Da Se Ne Zaboravi''': Rječnik, Stare Priče, Običaji i Zanati u Blatu na Otoku Korčuli' ''by'' Žanetić Pudarić, Blato 2009 (''Eng:'' Let's Not Forget: Dictionary, Old Stories, Customs and Trades in Blato on the Island of Korcula)
. In Croatian, meaning taken from the book: ''"ižul - niska kamena klupa uz kuću koja služi za odmaranje, ćakulu, za prtit stoku, itd (a low stone bench next to the house that is used for resting, discussions ....., etc."''</ref> (Romance Dalmatian: faul ''or'' faular, meaning to speak)
* forca - power (apply with strength)
* fortuna - strong wind
* fratar - priest (Latin: frater ''meaning'' brother)
* fuga - gap (Latin: flight, escape)
* fumar - chimney (Venetian: fuma ''meaning'' smoke)
* fumati - smoking - pušiti
* furešti - foreigner - stranac
* gače - pants
* gira - a fish from [[Croatia]].
* gradele - grill - roštilj; sprava za pečenje na žaru (Venetian:graèla)
* gre - going
* grintav - they are in a bad mood
* griža - a form of very hard stone
* gundula - type of boat
* gusti - enjoyment (Venetian: gusto-pleasurable)
* gusto - thick
* gustrina - underground rainwater reservoir
* guzica - bottom
* hoča ''or'' homoča (more group related) - lets go
* kacavida - screwdriver
* kadena - chain (Romance Dalmatian:''kataina'')
* kajić - type of local boat
* kajiš - belt
* '''Kalafat''' - means masters (shipyard workers) who filled the fissures between boards on a wooden boat.
* kamara - bedroom - soba (Latin: camera-vault, vaulted room)
* kantat - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)
* kapelīn - small female hat - maleni ženski šešir (Venetian: capelìn ''or'' piccolo cappello)
* kapula - onion - luk (Romance Dalmatian: ''kapula'')
* karoca - small carriage (Venetian: carosa)
* kašeta - small wooden box
* kašun - large box
* katrida - chair - stolica (Romance Dalmatian: '' katraida'')
* katun - corner (Latin: cantus)
* '''klapa''' - an a cappella form of music <ref>The traditional '''Klapa''' was composed of around half of dozen male singers (in recent times there are ''female'' Klape groups). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavic-Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman population of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. Church music heavily influences the arrangements. The modern Klapa style was established in the 1960s.</ref> (Venetian: clapa ''"singing crowd"'')
* keleh - the floor
* kolbuk - hat
* koltrine - curtains (Venetian: coltrina)
* konoba - cellar
* kontra - against - protiv (Latin: contra)
* korač - hammer
* koraj - full of himself - (Venetian: coràjo ''means'' courage)
* kormilo - rudder
* krepa - died - umro (Venetian: crepar meaning '''die''' ''also'' means crack)
* kuntra - bump into
* kušin - pillow - uzglavlje ''or'' jastuk (Venetian: cussin)
* kužina - kitchen - kuhinja (Venetian: cuxìna)
* kužin - cousin - rođak (Venetian: cuxìn)

{{col-break}}
* lacun - bed sheets (Romance Dalmatian: lenzul)
* lamin - sheetmetal bucket
* lanterna - lighthouse - svjetionik (Venetian: lanterna)
* lapis - pencil - olovka (Venetian: apis)
* lata - tin (Venetian: lata)
* lavadin - washbasin (Venetian: lavandin)
* laz - a small part of a agriculturally worked land.
* leć - sleep - spavati (Romance Dalmatian: lat ''meaning'' bed)
* lešada - a type of fish soup (boiled)/ Lesada in Venetian means ''boil''.
* leut - type of local boat
* levant - local wind
* libro - book - knjiga
* licenca - licence - dozvola (Venetian: icenca)
* lipo - nice ''or'' beautiful - ljepo
* očetavat - to unhook, sort out
* mahnit - crazy, unstable, nuts
* maistral - local coastal wind
* makina - machine
* makina od pranja- washing machine
* '''Malandrin''' - Local nickname. In Venetian it means: ''dishonest or crook''
* mapa - map (Venetian: mapa)
* Maragun - wood worker (Venetian: Marangòn)
* maza - to be spoiled, the spoiled one (Venetian: maza)
* Ma ''or'' mat - mother - majka
* mećat - to throw
* meja - a stone wall in the field (drystone fence, Ita: muretto a secco)
* mezo - in between (Venetian: mèzo ''"half"'')
* Mi povidamo na našu ''or'' Mi pripovidamo na našu- Mi pričamo naš jezik (in neoshtokavian)
* mir/ wall - Dalmatian: mir (Croatian: ''zid'')
* mlinko - milk
* mola - let go
* motika - local agricultural tool
* mudante - underwear (Venetian: mudande)
* munita - change ''money'' (Romance Dalmatian: monaita)
* munka - flour - brašno
* noštromo - boatswain
* ofinditi - to insult
* parlaš - talking - govoriti (Venetian: ''he speaks'' ''or'' Romance Dalmatian: palaura ''meaning'' word)
* parti - leaving
* pamidora - tomato ('''Italian''': pamidore)
* pandur - policemen - policija (Venetian: panduro)
* panja - bread - kruh
* papit - this ''word'' is used when feeding a child - jedi djete (Venetian: papa-means ''baby food'')
* patakuni - small change - mali/sitni novac (Romance Dalmatian)
* patalone - pants
* perun - fork (Venetian: pirón ''from'' [[Greece|Greek]]: pirouni)
* piat ''or'' pijat - plate
* pikolo - small, little (Venetian: picolo)
* '''Pelišac''' - Pelješac (other names used: Pelisac, Stonski Rat, Puncta Stagni, Ponta di Stagno and Sabioncello)
* pirula - pill - tableta (Venetian: pirola)
* pistun - piston (Venetian: piston)
* priša - in a hurry - (Venetian: presá - meaning ''hast'')
* prusura/frying pan - Dalmatian: prasura <ref>Nikola Vuletić - Croatian in the Mediterranean Context: Language Contacts in the Early Modern Croatian Lexicography </ref>
* pitura - paint (Venetian: pitura-painting)
* piz - weight (Latin origin, Venetian: pexa meaning ''weighing'')
* '''poć na ribe''' - going fishing - ići na ribanje
* pod - upper floor (Venetian: podolo - meaning ''balcony'')
* popričat - lets discuss
* postelja - bed - krevet
* postoli - shoes - cipele
* pripovidat - to tell a story
* probi - penetrate
* provaj - give it a try, to test it out (Venetian: pròva - meaning ''test'')
* prskat - mini shower
* prat- wash
* pule - baby donkey
* punte - points
* punistra - window (Latin: fenestra)
* puntižel - plank, board
* reful - small strong wind ''a gust''
* regeta - light sheet metal
* rič - word
* ritko - not often
* roba - clothes - odjeća
* rotunda - circular dry stone building - vrtujak
* sak - bag (Venetian: saco)
* senjat - to mark
* setemana - week - tijedan (Venetian: setemana)
* skala - stairs (Venetian: scala, scalinada)
* skula - school - škola
* skuža - understood, work it out
* snig - snow - snjeg
* spim - I'm sleeping
* spirit - ghost - duh
* spiza - food - hrana
* soldi - money - novac (Latin: solidus)
* soto - underneath - ispod (Venetian: sot ''or'' soto)
* sritan - happy or lucky - sretan
* stezi - tighten
* šegac - saw
* šestan - attractive or good looking (Venetian:sesto-grace, well mannered)
* šija - reverse - natrag
* šiloko - local wind (Venetian: siròco)
* škina - back (spine) - leđa
* škoj - island - otok
* škver - shipyard - brodgradilište
* špina - tap (Venetian: spina)
* špirit - ghost - duh (Venetian: spirito. In local Vallegrande Speak it can mean strong alcohol)
* šporko - dirty (Venetian: spórco)
* štivo - book - Knjiga
* štrada - street - ulica (Italian: strada)
* šufit - attic ''or'' loft (Venetian: sofìta)
* šugaman - beach towel
* šujat - to trick
* takat - to roll olives ''to'' remove leaves
* tanac - dance - ples
* tastamenat - confession or a ''will''
* tata - father - otac (Latin Romance language Dalmatian: Tuota)
* tavajola - tablecloth (Venetian: toaja)
* teće - leaking
* tereina or teća - metal bowl (Venetian: tereina)
* terpeza - table - stol
* tira - pull
* timul - driving wheel, ships or boats wheel, rudder (Venetian: timon)
* torta - a type of cake (Romance language Dalmatian: Turta)
* tovar - donkey - magarac
* traversa - apron - pregača (Venetian: traversa)
* tudin - small round steel bar
* ura - hour - jedan sat
* umideca - damp - vlaga (Venetian: umidic)
* vagun - ten tones
* vala - bay'' (vale - bays)''
* vapor - ferry - trajekt (Venetian: Bapor meaning ''steamship'')
* vara vamo - move on ''or'' move over there, these are commands ''for'' local donkeys when on the move
* vedro - clear sky (Romance Dalmatian: vedar - ''to see'')
* vesta - dress - ženska haljina (Venetian: garment, vestir: dress)
* '''vela''' - big - veliko
* vida - screw
* Vi ga niste vidili - You did not see him.
* vlasi - hair - kosa
* volja - desire, wanting too, mood - želja (Venetian: wish, desire, Can be used i.e. Nije mi volja. Meaning - I'm not in the mood ''or'' I'm not feeling too good.
* zamantan - crazy - lud
* zamuti - to stir
* Za fatigu je just - For work he is perfect - Za posao je izvrstan
* Zapiha sam se - I've lost my breath - izgubio sam zdrak
* zrcalo - mirror - ogledalo
* zeje - local dish
* žeja - thirsty (the ž is pronounced zh)
* želizo - axe - sjekira
* žmul - glass - čaša
{{col-end}}
</div>

== Additional History ==
Trying to re-tell the history of this part of the world (old Dalmatia part of [[Croatia]]) is fraught with problems. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Communist party]] was the main driving force in all social matters within the former Yugoslavia. It created historic falsehoods to promote its own aggressive political authoritarian agenda.

We can definitely confirm that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103) {{quote|
''In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent.'' }}</ref><ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237)</ref><ref>N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p83) </ref>, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent.

Two languages became the norm on the island, firstly the Romance Latin language called ''Dalmatian'', then we have the '''arrival''' of old Slavic [[Croatia|Croatian Chakavian]] language. With time these languages started to overlap with a form of '''bilingualism''' being created (with the written language being [[Latin]]). The fact that Slavs from the old neighbouring [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]] also spoke old Slavic Chakavian could indicate that this group of Slavs came from the same ''or'' similar tribal group.

When the Serbian forces were annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' by the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثماني) in '''1389''' a large group of peoples started a exodus westward (Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire - Turks in 1453). Venetian Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Montenegrins, Albanians, Serbs & others) and add to the fact that the Black Plague <ref>Korcula was devastated by the plague in 1529 and 1558.{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': " A plague devastated the town in 1529, depleting the population. The burned houses of infected persons, called kućišta..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZyOYDrSkX80C&pg=PA239&dq=Italian+population+Curzola&hl=en&ei=3ptXTcqwOIjSuwPI3NyrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Italian%20population%20Curzola&f=false The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition)] by F Hamilton Jackson (p239)</ref><ref>Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007 by Nikola Bačić 2007: " ''13. EPIDEMIC 1617. It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation for their homeland were extinct.''"</ref> depleted the island's population the Venetian authorities saw a need to bring new families to the island of Korčula. Amongst these were Western Shtokavian Slavic speakers. With these new added migrations the Slavic speakers became a strong majority. This applies more to west end of the island, with the village of Račišće being the exception (the village is in the eastern part of the island).

If the translation of the [[Defence of Korcula|Defence of Korčula]]  from Ottoman Turkish Attack in 1571 (Corcyrae Melenae Opus - Antonii Rosanei), originally written by Antun (Antonio) Rozanovic is ''untainted'', we can see that the majority of the defenders of the island were by 1571 of Slavic decent. If we use this as a reference, then from the mid 16th century onwards the majority of Korčula's population was indeed of Slavic origins.

===Old Vela Luka Dialect Evolved Late 18th Century===

Vela Luka's first beginnings as a town, are from the late 17th century (late 1600s). It started with the population of the neighbouring Blato <ref>In Croatian blato means ''mud'' it also has been said the word is related to ''water'' referring to the once lake in neighbouring field</ref> setting up a town with a port in the large bay of Vela Luka (Vallegrande ''or'' Latin: vallem maximam). Zvonko Maričić (Maricich) states in the late 1500s there where already five buildings in the bay (one being a church). The buildings belong to Ismaelli, Gabrielli, Canavelli<ref> In re-written modern Croatian: Kanavelić</ref> and Kolovic.

Then around the 1690s <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p207)</ref> there were additional twelve households (written in modern Croatian): Draginić, Tulić, Nalošić, Kostričić, Cetinić, Mirošević, [[Directory:Zuvela‎‎|Žuvela]], Prižmić, Marinović, Dragojević, Barčot and Surjan.

Old Vela Luka Dialect is an off shoot of the language spoken in '''17th-18th century''' town of Blato. Etymology of Vallegrande would translate as large bay. From Latin ''grandis'' means large, big whilst ' valle ' in local dialect means bays. Valle (plural) is most probably of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian origin which was spoken by '''Latin Dalmatians'''. The modern name, Vela Luka is an old Croatian translation of Vallegrande, Vela meaning ''large'' and Luka meaning ''bay'' or even port. Within the Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola (Statute of Korčula Town) the written version from 1427, Vela Luka the bay is mention also as "''vela Luca''". With this record we have Croatian-Slavic language influences in the first half of 15th century. The first written Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola was by the Dalmatian Latins and possibly the new Slavic nobility in 1214.

Very important to note there is a strong element of Italian Venetian within Old Vela Luka Dialect. By the time of 15th and 16th century the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (more in the west end) spoke Old Croatian with a small remnants of the Romance Dalmatian language and with heavy influences of Italian Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). During the rule of the Republic of Venice (from 1420 to 1797) saw the disappearance of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian.

It also has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

One could easily say that now the 'Old Vela Luka Dialect' (Staro Luški govor) is slowly becoming extinct. Successive Yugoslavian governments, be it the Communist Yugoslavian regime (1945-91) or the earlier Kingdom of Yugoslavia, pushed a Pan-Slavic and Croatian Nationalistic political rule. One of their policies in Dalmatia was Slavicisation of the culture, language and history. Before Yugoslavia came into being the policy was first started to be implemented by Austro-Hungarian Empire, so the original '''Mr Gabrielli''' became Gabrijeliċ. It takes only one generation to change a language, two generations for it too cease to exist. Today's dialect in Vela Luka (Luški Govor, English: Old Vela Luka Speak) is different and has incorporated much of the standardised modern Croatian language (Croatian Literary Standard).

'''Note''': From the late 19th century onwards the old [[Dalmatian Italians#The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia |Dalmatian]] culture has been all but disappearing from the region.
The last Italian-language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': The island of Korcula was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1815 to 1918). It was within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien). In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia ''' (Königreich Kroatien) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce (a process of [[Croatisation]]) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illyrian (Illirski). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar. </ref>
* Information below taken from Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci )</ref>}}

[[File:734653 405215212895995 137846031 n.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula in the 1890s.]]

== Names of Bays, Fields and Parts of the Town==
* Bad (part of Vela Luka) meaning banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means side & flank)
*'Kale' means ''road'' in Romance language Dalmatian: ''Cale'', (Latin: ''callis'' or path, pathway, sideway, lane, forest pastures, footpath)
* Guvno (part of Vela Luka)
* Bobovišċa (once not part of Vela Luka but now is)
* Vranac
* Gradina (a small bay, west of Vela Luka)
* Bradat (a field near Vela Luka)

== See also ==
* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

</div>

==External Links==
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/venetian.htm Venetian Language - www.omniglot.com]

==Notes & References==
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|155px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
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[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|250px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|425px| Croatia (Hrvatska)]]
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[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčulanski]]
[[Keyword:=Directory:Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Corzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Korzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian dialect]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Latin]]
[[Keyword:=Klapa]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
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[[Category:History]]

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Directory:Zuvela

2024-12-06T08:56:49Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian/Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio after his arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started ''culture removal'' of the Dalmatian Italian community in region. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jakica/Jaka). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' (st) son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Croatian Chakavian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Croatian Identity

2024-12-06T08:19:02Z

Peter Z.: mv

The first factual primary source, to mention the [[Croatia|Croatian]] (Hrvat) identity was that of '''Duke Branimir''' (written in Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Duke Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.

* [http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/staff/danijel-dzino.html Dr Danijel Dzino] of Macquarie University, Sydney Australia writes: {{quote|
''The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all.'' <ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino</ref>}}
==The Terms Slav and Croatian==
'''Slav''' as a term was first used by the Byzantine's - Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius, Byzantine scholar, 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (events cia. 518 <ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=zlYSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Europe's Barbarians AD 200-600] By Edward James (p95), Procopius: History of the Wars 545 AD </ref>) in Greek: Σκλαβῖνοι (Sklabenoi ''or'' sklaboi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Ancient Roman <ref>Pliny the Elder: Natural History, Latin: Naturalis Historia 77 AD </ref> and Greek communities also referred to the early Slavic peoples as Veneti and Antes.

Raid activity by various Slavic tribes within the southern Danube region started in the 6th century.

'''Hrvat''' is a word of Sarmatian (Persian) origins. <ref>Note: The Sarmatian tribes have been referred to as being Persian in origin (modern: ''Iranian people'').</ref> In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in [[Greece|Greek]] and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had mainly a mix of Greek - Sarmatian population.
[[File:422px-Horovathos.jpg|thumb|right|125px|'''Tanais Tablet''' B containing the word Χοροάθος (Horoáthos). It has also be written as Khoroáthos.]]

'''Contact Between Slavic and Sarmatian Tribes'''

From the information above ''one'' can conclude that we are dealing with '''contact''' between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes from late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat (through etymology) which translates to English as Croat. Radoslav Katicich (Katičić) a Croatian linguist (and a classical philologist, Indo-Europeanist, Slavist and Indologist) said that the names from the Tanais Tablet are personal and not national ones.<ref> Two Public Inscriptions from the Greek Colony of Tanais at the Mouth of the Don River on the Sea of Azov ''by'' Ante Skegro (p.17)</ref> Furthermore it also could be said that these names are not related to any ethnic identity. Historically the term Croat became fully established as a ''constructed identity'' in the 19th century.

'''Recent DNA Studies'''

It is also very interesting to note that recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago.<ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/prezivjeli-ledeno-doba-hrvati-su-prastanovnici-europe-clanak-300151 Vecernji.hr: Preživjeli ledeno doba: Hrvati su prastanovnici Europe] ''(Vecernji.hr: Surviving an Ice Age: the Croats are descendants of prehistoric Europeans)''
* The article reports on the research work (12 years) of: prof. dr. Dragan Primorac, prof. dr. Pavle Rudan, prof. dr. Damir Marjanović, prof. dr. Peter Underhil and prof. dr. Richard Williams. Article released '''14-06-2011'''</ref> From a DNA studies perspective, the peoples who were living in Roman Dalmatia (''prior'' to the arrival of Slavic tribes) were genetically dominant and remain so to this day. The peoples who were living in Roman Dalmatia in that period predominately were of an Illyrian population. <ref>Note: Other peoples in the region were Liburnians (related to Illyrians), Celts, [[Greece|Greeks]], Latins, Guduscani (''"It has been assumed, that they were part of the Vandals, Goths or Lombards."'' '''referenced''' from: [http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/guduscani self.gutenberg.org:] ), Ostrogoths (the last mentioned ''[[Germany|Germanic]] tribe'' is related to the Goths).</ref>

== Settlement of the Slavs in Roman Dalmatia ==

Slavic tribes invaded the region of [[Dalmatian Italians#Roman Dalmatia |Roman Dalmatia]] in the early Middle Ages. Contemporary historian Danijel Dzino states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are '''questionable'''. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs invading the region. According to historians ''Florin Curta'' and Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day (Greco-Roman) to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a '''later stage'''. Thus began the '''construct''' identity of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups. There was also a good deal of interaction between the groups as shown by DNA studies.

The issue of dates is an interesting one. Historians from the 18th and 19th century place the ''settlement'' of the Slavs into the Western Balkans in the 7th century but the more modern research undertaken by scholars and archaeologists<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref> cannot confirm this. The settlement of the Slavs in small groups has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century .<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref> The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia. Also there are no '''contemporary''' written records about the invasion/migration/settlement, about the events as a whole ''and'' the area itself.

The Baska tablet from 1100 AD records that they spoke old Slavic Chakavian (listen). [http://www.croatianhistory.net/glagoljica/baska.mp3 Baska tablet-mp3] <ref>Note ''Baska tablet'' was translated in 1875, it's language is Old Slavic Croatian Chakavian with elements of liturgical Church Slavonic.</ref>
[[File:800px-Bascanska ploca.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Baska tablet 1100 AD from Baska, on the island of Krk-[[Croatia]].]]
=Editor's Note=
'''Duke Branimir''' from the 880s, spoke old Croatian Slavic (Chakavian) and was from the Dalmatian hinterland. Mr Branimir is, I believe the first Croatian ''or'' the first Southern Slav to describe himself as a Croatian. In my opinion his tribe, who were the old Slavic Chakavian speakers, are the first recorded Croatians (recorded as such and based on the current records that we have the ''Harvat tribe'', modern: Hrvati <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced "'''Harvat'''" or Hrovat. It was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref>). We can safely assume that Branimir's tribe goes back a few generations, especially since they had their own language i.e. Old Croatian Chakavian.

The early medieval Western Balkans must have had multiple small Slavic ethnic tribes. In some cases the newly arrived Slavs lived amongst the population that was there prior to their arrival. It is my opinion that for whatever reason it appears that their history has not been recorded accurately ''or'' not recorded at all (it evolved into frontier country, 'borderland').

From a Greco-Roman perspective they were all identified as Slavs. Most probably based on rough linguistic-language classification. The Slavs found themselves living in a '''medieval multi-ethnic''' region; Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks, Guduscani, Ostrogoths and others. It has been mention that there is a possibility that further back in time other ethnic groups were within the Slavic tribes. This could explain the Persian (Sarmatian) connection.

It was the most powerful chieftains (the main political players) who left a '''mark''' on history. Taking this into account, over a period of time in the middle ages we have new '''political identities''' of Southern Slavs emerging (regionally based ''or'' names brought with them). Among these were Croatians, Narentines, Bulgarians<ref>Bulgarians also have a strong historic association with Turkic semi-nomadic tribes. It has been written that in early medieval times the Bulgar elite spoke a language that was a member of the Turkic language group. </ref>, Bosnians, Serbs (Raška) etc.

It is true that some of the origins of some of these words denoting southern Slavic groups (i.e. Harvat, Horvat) can be traced further back in history. Some have wrongly associated the etymology of these words to proclaim ethnicities or national identities back deep into the past. To my understanding there is no real hard historic proof that these ethnic identities existed (i.e. Harvat, Horvat).

When the Serbian forces were annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' by the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] in '''1389''' very large groups of peoples started to migrate westward (Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453). The Ottomans (Turks) caused huge instability in the area and actually managed to twice besiege Vienna (Austria). The Western Balkans from that period forward began to acquire new groups of people in its regions (i.e.,Eastern Croats, Albanians, Serbs, Greeks, Turks & others), thus creating new ethnic mixes. I believe that due to these events the old Slavic '''tribal''' borders, what was left of them, changed forever during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
== Language and Identity - Politics of Language Standardisation ==
The old language groups which have become diluted over time and are slowly becoming extinct ('''now referred''' to as dialects) may reflect some of the many original Slavic tribes who invaded Roman Dalmatia.

It is important to stress that these dialects in early medieval time could have been seen as languages (and separate tribes, but was not important enough to be documented by the Greco-Roman-Frankish Community). Current main dialect groups within modern Croatia are:
* Chakavian dialect
* Kajkavian dialect
* Shtokavian dialect

[[File:300px-Serbo croatian dialects historical distribution.png|thumb|right|450px| Distribution of central South Slavic dialects '''before 16th century''' migrations.In blue Chakavian dialect witch could have gone further south before they intermixed.]]The ''politics'' of language standardisation is the issue at heart when it comes to the telling of the story of the modern Southern Slavic languages. In the 19th century, Slavic language standardisation (Neo Shtokavian) entered firmly into the mix.<ref>Other languages commonly used in the region included, Romance Dalmatian, Old Venetian, Hungarian (Magyars) and written Latin.</ref> This event had a huge influence on the region and its impact has to be '''fully examined'''. One question which can be asked.

''Did the 19th century scholars and linguists (mainly the Illyrian Movement from the Habsburg Empire) do their research scientifically or were they seriously influenced by the politics of the 19th Century Pan Slavic movement? Plus - is it continuing today?''

In this editors opinion, the answer is '''yes''' - they were very seriously influenced by the politics of the Pan-Slavic movement? The Pan slavic movement was heavily influenced by '''European Imperialism''' with an overriding attitude directed towards creating a unifying language for a state that negated the history of the various southern slavic and other language bases that were part of the Western Balkans. With this in mind the linguist of the day created a construct Croato-Serbian language (''or'' Serbo-Croatian) with a Neo-Shtokavian base.

In 1918 a construct Neo Shtokavian (Croato-Serbian) language was introduced by government policy as the main language to be used within the created state of Yugoslavia (a mini version Pan-Slavic state). Before Yugoslavia was established the policy had already started to be implemented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the west-end of the Balkans and it was also being implemented in the east, in the Kingdom of Serbia.

There appears to be a common misconception in the former Yugoslavian regions that if you are taught and you learn to speak the standardised Croato-Serbian language (Neo Shtokavian) that you have historical connections to a particular ethnic group. This is not necessarily factual as many other ethnic groups, with various ethnic backgrounds, were caught up in this system of standardisation. These people were being forced to speak a ''common standardised language'' (Serbo-Croatian<ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref>, Neo Shtokavian). This does not accurately reflect the actual ancestry and ethnic history of the speaker (i.e is a Welshman a Englishman now that he can speak English?).
====Extreme Pan-Slavic, Nationalistic, Communist Ideologies and Croatia====
Another important question to ask is '''how far''' back does one go in proclaiming Croatian Identity and nationhood (or any other nationhood)? In the past the Yugoslav Communist party, Pan-Slavists and the Croatian Nationalistic movements have taken this to extremes. These extreme Pan-Slavic, Nationalistic and Communist ideologies, regarding language, ethnicity and history who are clinging to beliefs based on a false history of a single nationhood have created a great deal of pain, destruction and falsehoods.

For example does a seventh generation [[Australia|Australian]] with English background start saying in modern Australia that he is a '''Saxon''' and start a nationalistic movement to assert his beliefs upon others. On the other hand certain historic perspectives in which it is states that there is no Croatian Identity or medieval peoples is incorrect. From this Editors perspective there is strong evidence that we are looking at a tribe that settled in the northern Dalmatian Hinterland and it's surrounding area who for a brief moment in history dominated the region of the western Balkans.
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|375px|The Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire. 476 AD]]
[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb|right|375px|'' Medieval Croatia in the 9th century- Croatian Dutcy (Map by Hxseek)'']]
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|425px| Modern Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

== See also ==
* [[Directory:Croatia|Medieval Croatian]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]
==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>

==External Links==
*[http://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Central-Eastern-Europe-450-1450/dp/9004186468/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3/177-6862126-4437845 Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat] (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450) by Dr Danijel Dzino
*[http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/staff/danijel-dzino.html Dr Danijel Dzino] - Macquarie University, Sydney Australia
*[http://www.brill.nl/becoming-slav-becoming-croat#.Tl11w-V-aw0 Brill Academic Publishers:] "Founded in 1683, Brill is a publishing house with a rich history and a strong international focus."
* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government of the Republic Croatia - Official Web Portal]

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|300px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Name:=Croatia]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian]]
[[Keyword:=Identity]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian Identity]]
[[Keyword:=Prince Branimir]]
[[Keyword:=Danijel Dzino]]
[[Keyword:=Florin Curta]]
</div>
<br>

Dalmatian Italians

2024-12-06T08:15:16Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */ rv

[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia.png|thumb|right|600px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]]]
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|400px| The original Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire-476 AD]]
'''Dalmatian Italians''' are a historical national minority in the region of Dalmatia which is now predominately part of [[Croatia]].

When [[Austria|Austrian Empire]] occupied ''Republic of Venice's'' region of Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) in '''1815''' the Venetian-Italian speaking population made up, (''according'' to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatia in the first half of the 19th century. Then in 1816 Austrian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people among the 301 000 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien), or 22% of the total Dalmatian population. After [[World War II]], the Dalmatian Italian population was reduced to 1,000–4,000 people in todays Croatia's Dalmatia and Montenegro.

Today they reside mostly in the city areas of Zadar, Split, Trogir, and Sibenik in Croatia, and Kotor, Perast, and Budva in Montenegro. In other parts of Croatia, there are Italian communities located in the '''Istrian''' peninsula and the city of Rijeka.

'''Note''': During the Austro-Hungarian (Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) census of 1910,<ref>Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.</ref> 2.8% Italians were registered in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. This high drop can be explained by '''high immigration''' as well as families who were of dual culture (Italian-Croatian), who decided to register themselves as Croatian (Hrvati). Additionally there is reasonable proof of the Austrian authorities deliberate manipulation of statistics for political gain.

The population decline was mainly as a result of the rise of European nationalism as well as economic reasons and finally fleeing the Yugoslav Communists. <ref> Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)
* "Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labor, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 '''ethnic Italians''' fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref>
== Early History==
=== Roman Dalmatia ===
According to scholar '''Theodor Mommsen''', Roman Dalmatia was fully Latinized by 476 AD when the ''Roman Empire'' collapsed. More recent theories have suggested that this would only apply to cities and towns, whilst in the country side, this would not have been the case.

The Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths) ruled Roman Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD.

Barbarian invasions from the 6th century on-wards, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)
* "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> brought certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with Eurasian Avars <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic
* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. ''Please note'' the Eastern Roman Empire survied after the fall of Rome).

This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the old Roman Dalmatia region to be much later and smaller in numbers.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref><ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in '''particular''' the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref>) seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the settlement of Slavs more in the region of the late 8th century. The early sources must have reflected the raid and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within the former Roman Dalmatia area.

Please note there are no '''contemporary''' written records about the invasion/migration/settlement events of Slavs in the area itself.

The Roman population survived within the coastal cities,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&pg=PA269&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Illyrians] by John Wilkes (p269)</ref> for a while on the islands and in the inhospitable Dinaric Alps. These people within the Dinaric Alps were later known as Morlachs (''or'' Vlachs, Nigri Latini). Many of the Dalmatian cities retained their Romanic culture and [[Latin]] language. Among these were '''Jadera''' (Zara, modern: Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato, modern: Split), '''Ragusa''' (modern: Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (modern:Trogir). These areas developed their own ''Vulgar Latin'' the Dalmatian language,<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref> a now extinct Romance language.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA377&dq=Dalmatian+language+extinct+Romance+language&hl=en&ei=MKjpTL_aJs2ecdHXrNwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Dalmatian%20language%20extinct%20Romance%20language&f=false Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe] by Glanville Price (p377)</ref> Many coastal cities and towns or the region (politically part of the Byzantine Empire-Eastern Roman Empire) <ref>University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies-The Slavonic Latin Symbiosis in Dalmatia during the Middle Ages ''by'' Victor Novak</ref> maintained cultural and economic links with the [[Italy|Italian]] peninsula through the Adriatic sea. Communications with the mainland were difficult because of the Dinaric Alps. Due to the sharp topography of the mountains of Dalmatia communications between the different Dalmatian cities occurred mainly through sea links. This helped Dalmatian cities to develop a unique Romance culture, despite the inland being settled by Slavs.

Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].

Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''lingua franca'' of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.

[[File:Roger Joseph Boscovich.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-87), a Jesuit scientist who was born in Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa) to a father of [[Croatia|Croatian]] and a mother of [[Italy|Italian]] ancestry.]]
[[File:250px-Ragusa.png|thumb|right|325px|'''Republic of Ragusa'''. Today part of modern [[Croatia]].]]
==== Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance====
From the late Middle Ages onwards certain sections of the population slowly started to merge with the Slavic peoples of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia and in the Republic of Ragusa. The 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake, which destroyed the greater part of Dubrovnik (Ragusa) has been cited as a turning point for the make up of the ethnic population of the Republic. This new Slavic population within the Republic became, with time, Romanised (adopted Latin culture). Within Ragusa's community there were mixed marriages (i.e. Roger Joseph Boscovich).<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=J4TZPlihVUoC&pg=PA156&dq=Roger+Joseph+Boscovich+italian+mother&hl=en&ei=q8y-Te2lLISovQOiwpDbBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roger%20Joseph%20Boscovich%20italian%20mother&f=false The Extraterrestrial Life Debate, 1750-1900 ] by Michael J. Crowe (p.156) </ref>

Croatians in Dalmatia, as well as other regions, have language remnants of the extinct [[Latin|Romance Latin]] language - Dalmatian and additionally there are influences of old Venetian in the [[Directory:Korcula History 2#Korcula dialect and Venetian|local dialects]]. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797 (dissolved in 1797 by the French Empire). During that period, part of its Slavic population were Romanised.
'''

In old Venetian '''Dalmàssia''', as it was called by the Venetians (modern: Dalmazia Veneta), enjoyed periods of economic prosperity with the development of arts and culture. Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the northern Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were constructed in those years, from Zadar and Split to Sibenik (Sebenico) and Dubrovnik (Ragusa).

'''Zara''' (modern: Zadar) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Italian Venetian language became the 'lingua franca' of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Latin/Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region. Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514) was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==
The original Roman Dalmatia is now divided between Croatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro. The cultural influence from the ''Republic of Venice'' is clearly evident in the urbanisation plans of the main Dalmatian cities of Croatia. One of the best examples is the one of Split (Spalato).

In 1880 Antonio Bajamonti (one of the last Dalmatian Italian Mayors of Split under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule) developed an urbanisation project of this city centred on the 'Riva', a seaside walkway full of palms based on the Italian Riviera models. Today the Riva (with cafe bars) is used by the locals to walk in a typical Italian way from the '''Palace of Diocletian''' (built by the Roman Empire) towards an old square called locally 'Pjaca' (''or'' square in Venetian).

In Dalmatia, religious and public architecture flourished with influences of the northern Italian Renaissance. Important to mention are the Cathedral of St James in Sibenik, the Chapel of Blessed John in Trogir, and Sorgo’s villa in Dubrovnik.
[[File:280px-Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|200px|Republic of Venice-1796 ''(Created by MapMaster)'']]
===Musical styles===
In some of the musical styles of [[Croatia]] it is quite evident that there was a merging of Slavic and Italian music. One such musical style that demonstrates this is '''Klapa music''' (klapa is an a cappella form of music - Venetian: clapa singing crowd). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavs to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the long process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia.

The Klape appeared in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. The traditional Klapa was composed around half a dozen male singers (in recent times there are also female Klape groups). Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today. Modern Klapa style singing was further developed in the the 1960s.

[[File:Perasto (1900).jpg|thumb|right|325px| Postcard showing the Venetian architecture of Perast in 1900]]

=== Perast in Coastal Montenegro ===
A Venetian cultural and historical presence can be seen in the small town of Perast (Perasto) in coastal Montenegro. Perast under the Republic of Venice (Albania Veneta), had four active shipyards and a fleet of around one hundred ships. Some of the buildings are ornate baroque palaces which resemble Venetian architecture. The sailors of Perast were involved in the last battle of the Venetian navy, fought in Venice in 1797. After the fall of the Republic of Venice (12/5/1797), Perast was the last city of the Republic to lower the Venetian flag. On the 22nd of August 1797 Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perast, lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and then buried the ‘Gonfalon of Venice’ under the altar of the main church within the town of Perast. The population decreased to 430 in 1910. .<ref>www.discover-montenegro.com/perast.htm</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&pg=PA311&dq=Giuseppe+Viscovich+Captain+of+Perasto&hl=en&ei=B3XfTfjUMYaavAPgkcDQBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Viscovich%20Captain%20of%20Perasto&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff (p312-p313)</ref>

The population decreased to 430 in 1910. According to the '''Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro''', in Perast there are people who's local dialect have remnants of the original Venetian dialect of Perast called 'Veneto da mar'.

== Perspectives on Dalmatia ==
*Dalmatia was named by the Romans after the Dalmatae (''or'' Delmatae) Illyrian tribes <ref>Medieval Greek"Dalmatae": Δαλμᾶται.</ref> who inhabited the region.

*In the 19th century the cultural influence from the Italian region originated the creation in Zadar (Zara) of the first Dalmatian newspaper, edited in Italian and Croat: Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin. It was founded and published by the Italian Bartolomeo Benincasa in 1806.

* In the census of 1808 done by France (Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy) it declared Venetians to be about 33% of the Dalmatians, mostly in urban areas. They were the majority on the islands main towns like Curzola (modern Korcula) and Lissa (modern Vis).

*After [[World War Two]] the Slavicisation of the of Dalmatia region was a government policy under the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. All cities, towns, villages, family and peoples surnames that are not of Slavic origin were being translated. The Austrians in the 1860s first started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski).
=====Sir John Gardner Wilkinson=====
[[File:400px-Split riva.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The '''Riva''' of Split, that was created and named by Antonio Bajamonti. ''(photo by Mate Balota)'']]
Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He was in Dubrovnik (then called Ragusa) in 1848, he wrote in his; Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina:
{{quote|
''[[Italian language|Italian]] is spoken in all the seaports of Dalmatia, but the language of the country is a dialect of the Slavonic, which alone is used by peasants in the interior.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4)</ref>}}{{quote|
''Their language though gradually falling into Venetianisms of the other Dalmatians towns, still retains some of that pure Italian idiom, for which was always noted.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UsYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA362&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Their+language+through+gradually+falling+into+Venetianisms&hl=en&ei=MfyqTLCJHc_IcZnDhOoE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p362)</ref>}}

=====Andrew Archibald Paton=====
Andrew Archibald Paton (1811 - 1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century. In 1861 '''he wrote''' in his; Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: Or, Contributions to the Modern:
{{quote|
''... the islands of Dalmatia owe much of their culture to the near vicinity of Venice and the more extensive use of the Italian language...'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA167&dq=Researches+on+the+Danube+and+the+Adriatic++the+extensive+use+of+Italian&hl=en&ei=5b0GTeaTKJHGvQPyj8zNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Volume 1] ''by'' Andrew Archibald Paton (p167)</ref>}}

=====The Shores of the Adriatic by F. Hamilton Jackson (1908)=====

{{quote|
''They are a powerful and a proud race, as the following story from Fortis shows, and will without doubt leave their mark on European history when their culture equals their physical powers; but the present race-animosity between Croat and Italian is deplorable. The Croats, being in the majority, are using their power to oppress the Italian-speaking portion of the population. The schools are now all Croat, and the Italians have no means of instruction for their children in their own language except at Zara. At Spalato the race-feeling is especially bitter; it is the only city in Dalmatia in which the anniversary of the Italian defeat at Lissa is fêted with display of flags and music by the municipio. The Italian theatre was burnt down some years ago, and the Croat majority on the council voted a large sum of money (stated to have been £60,000) to build a new Croat theatre to replace it; and this they refused to let to Italian companies. But there are no Croat companies ready to bear the expense of coming to Spalato, so the theatre remains closed! ''}}

=====Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide)=====

*Dalmatia-The Land Where East Meets West by Maude Holbach (a 1910 travel guide from COSIMO books and publications [[New York]] USA):
{{quote|
''Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and Latin spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa, just as you hear Slavish and Italian today ; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EcvNw81I3hkC&pg=PA121&dq=Dalmatia:+The+Land+Where+East+Meets+West+Slavish+and+Italian+today&hl=en&ei=J46dTKDEF4XOvQOT_PS4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia: The Land Where East Meets West] by Maude Holbach (p121)
* "DALMATIA: The Land Where East Meets West is MAUDE M. HOLBACH's second book of travel in Eastern Europe. First published in '''1910''', this is an anthropological travel journal of an often-overlooked kingdom"</ref>}}
[[File: Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' (Korcula) in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

=====The National Party=====
[[Image:antonio.bajamonti.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Antonio Bajamonti-the last Dalmatian Italian major of '''Split''']]
*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). From the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.
{{quote|
''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

=====Luciano Monzali=====
{{quote|
''Pavlinovic argued forcefully that only Slavs lived in Dalmatia and that these Slavs were all Croatians. He denied not just the existence of an element of an element of Italian language and culture in Dalmatia but also the legitimacy of the Serb presence. Italians and Serbs had only one alternative: to become Croatian or leave.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Italians+and+Serbs+had+only+one+alternative:+to+become+Croatian+or+leave&source=bl&ots=Sx1cLugl2z&sig=PAqXCGNkAk7SIJ7L3V_1QCxtFyw&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Italians%20and%20Serbs%20had%20only%20one%20alternative%3A%20to%20become%20Croatian%20or%20leave&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:]From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p102)</ref>}}

=====Edwin Dino Veggian=====
{{quote|
''Some Croatian historians and researchers are a legion of agit-props engaged in the “patriotic mission” of promoting the grandeur of their homeland. Their patriotism obeys to a categorical imperative: the country comes first, at any cost, even lying. They “Croatianize“ everybody and everything. Literally hundreds of public figures, artists, scientists, and academics - Italian Dalmatia had in XIX century 32 newspapers and periodicals, a rich history, an incredible artistic, academic and literary life, and glorious maritime traditions - today are mentioned as “Croatian“. Of the original Italian speaking population of the town only about 40 individuals survived. Unnoticed by academic authorities in the West, an implacable (first Panslavistic, then Pan Croat) “nationalisation” of non-Croatian history continued for decades in a dramatic crescendo.''}}

=====Antonio Bajamonti=====
Antonio (Ante) Bajamonti, the most prominent Dalmatian Italian in history, once remarked:
{{quote|
''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}
=====Zadar during and after World War II =====
The chapter below is taken from the Secret Dalmatia Blog site, it is written by Alan Mandic.{{quote|
''The Italian majority in Zadar was first hurt by the [[Directory:American Journals and the Strategic Bombing of Germany|Allied bombings]] and then chased away by the [[Communists|communist]] rule. In those terrible times, many people were looking for all sorts of revenges: from personal to national and many of [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps|Zadar’s Italians]] perished. [<ref> Refugees in the Age of Total War by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>A Tragedy Revealed'' The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12 & ''read ''page 81 '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref> Note: references added by Editor] Some say that bones of many are still in one of the caves of Levrnaka in Kornati, many managed to escape and leave their beloved city for good, some stayed and formed a small Italian community. Among those who went from their homes were Ottavio Missoni (fashion designer born in Dubrovnik)''. <ref>secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past</ref>}}
[[File:SPLIT-Hebrard overall color restitution.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Diocletian's palace built during the Roman Empire. The palace is part of '''old Split''' (Spalato/Spalatum).]]
[[File:619px-Croatia location map, Split-Dalmatia county.svg.png|thumb|right|215px|Dalmatia today as a political administrative region (Split-Dalmatia), within todays modern [[Croatia]]. ''Map created by Minestrone'' ]]

==More on Yugoslavia's Once Hidden History in Relation to Dalmatia==
=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===
The University of Western Australia study about ''Displaced Persons'' from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]], quote: {{quote|
''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in [[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia, http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au LINK: http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background</ref>}}

==Former Communist Yugoslavia==
The former '''Communist Yugoslavia''' (which Croatia was part of) played a major role during the Cold War era in a suppressive and creating falsehood style of historical documentation of the region’s past. Yugoslav Communist history is now dogma in Croatia. This also would apply to the history of the Dalmatian Italians. Many of today’s Croatians live with this dogma as their reality even though the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. This dogma, falsehood was created by a totalitarian society. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia had a '''profound''' effect on the region.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic (p 47).
* The former Yugoslavia's political and cultural scene were heavily influenced by the cult of personality of the Dictator [[Josip Broz Tito]].</ref> So much so that it has created today’s political and cultural scene.
*Quote from the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"|European Public Hearing]] on '''Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes''': {{quote|
''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the [[Communists|Communist Party]] to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' <ref>''' European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" (p201) </ref><ref> “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regime-'''Brussels'''"</ref>}}

*Statement made by the contemporary historian Dr Danijel Dzino ([[Australia|Australian]] Research Council Australian Postdoctoral Fellow BA (Hons), MA, PhD Adelaide): {{quote|
''Medieval studies in Croatia and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship. In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia '' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p43)</ref>}}
*Statements made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan):
{{quote|
''Such substitutions of “Croat” for” Slav,” however, mislead the reader into believing something the sources do not tell...''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA11&dq=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine+Such+substitutions+of+“Croat”+for”+Slav,”+however&hl=en&ei=oT-ITfy5CoPCvQOo56HZDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p11)</ref>}}
{{quote|
"There is no justification to falsify history to support ethnic ambitions. The Croats and their Balkan neighbours have done this in a major way'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA15&dq=When+ethnicity+did+not+matter+in+the+Balkans++falsify+history&hl=en&ei=vmmZTeq9O4_qvQOtmfj5Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p15)</ref>}}
'''Note''': Communist Yugoslavia executed Historian - ''Kerubin Segvic''. He was executed mainly for proposing a different historic model of how Croats came to the western Balkans in the middle ages than that of the Yugoslav government's state policies. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA20&dq=Kerubin+Segvic+Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman&hl=en&ei=ITrwTP7nLsW3cO_RwJYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p20)</ref>

== Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ==
[[File:DPP07DB0B08041810.jpg |thumb|right|125px|Antun Travirka - Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) ]]
The '''region''' of the Western Balkans (former [[Communists|Communist]] Yugoslavia) has problems when interpreting its multicultural, multiethnic history and societies. This most certainly applies to the history of '''Dalmatian Italians''', the former Republic of Ragusa and other regions.

This statement below comes from a book called ''Dalmatia'' (History, Culture, Art Heritage) written by Antun Travirka:

'''
''"By the 14th century the city had become wholly Croatian'"' <ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p137)</ref>

The book itself is primarily for the [[Croatia|Croatian]] tourist market and is easily available in several languages in all major bookstores within Croatia.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population.</ref> This quote is on page 137 and it’s referring to the ''Republic of Ragusa''. The old Republic of Ragusa (with it's famous city Dubrovnik) <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref> is now within the borders of the modern Croatia. <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia|title="Croatia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/20120524/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143561/Croatia |archivedate=2012-05-24}}</ref> This monolithic description is an outright lie and it’s a form of cultural genocide (the crucial word is '''''wholly'''''). Additionally the book did not even use the term Republic of Ragusa (the closest that it got to this was ''RESPUBLICA RAGUSINA'' on page 141)<ref>Dalmatia (History, Culture, Art Heritage) by Antun Travirka (p141)</ref>. Ragusa the city's original name was used for more than a '''millennium'''. The statement is biased ultra-nationalistic propaganda and is not based on fact.
*Statement made by the contemporary historian John Van Antwerp Fine (Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Michigan, [[USA]]): {{quote|
''This is not surprising since the “Ragusans” identified themselves as Ragusans and not as Croats.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA157&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans+call+themselves+ragusans&hl=en&ei=_WmHTa-ZAo_Bcc63hZcD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=When%20Ethnicity%20did%20not%20Matter%20in%20the%20Balkans%20call%20themselves%20ragusans&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p157)</ref>}}
The City State and then latter the Republic was set up by Roman Latin-Illyrian families and was a nation in its own right. It was also made up of many ethnic nationalities.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7RyKgdyV8VgC&pg=PA82&dq=orthodox+church++Dubrovnik&hl=en&ei=VEh2TZPoJsfJcb6kkYUF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CF8Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=orthodox%20church%20%20Dubrovnik&f=false Croatia] by Michael Schuman (p82)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CaK6DeZXX7sC&pg=PA190&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=republic%20of%20ragusa%20dubrovnik%20jewish%20community&f=false Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Mediterranean World after 1492] By Alisa Meyuhas Ginio (p190)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RsoMAQAAMAAJ&q=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&dq=republic+of+ragusa+dubrovnik+jewish+community&hl=en&ei=2D52TfSIN9DzcbSmhf8E&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBA The Chicago Jewish forum, Volume 23] by Benjamin Weintroub (p271)</ref><ref> Footprint Croatia by Jane Foster</ref> As a Maritime nation it traded all over the Mediterranean and even had trade with the Americas.

== Editor's Note on Old Dubrovnik ==
Below is the research I have done in the last few years concerning the history of the Croatian Dubrovnik area (for now anyway.... I'm always open to new information).

What I have found (I'm not alone) most of Old Dubrovnik's history is mostly mythical and in modern times heavily politically driven (defined within a political context and agenda).

===Conclusion===
The ancient peoples of Dubrovnik identified themselves as Ragusans. Latin-Illyrian families created the Republic of Ragusa. Modern theories say that a small town was already there during the times of the Roman Empire (some say even earlier 'Greek' <ref>Note: Recent findings of artefacts in Dubrovnik suggest to be [[Greece|Greek]] in origin.</ref>).

Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century helped to turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State importantly called Ragusa. Later it became a Republic (1358 <ref>In 1358 the city accepted the mild hegemony of Kingdom of Hungary.</ref>), also importantly called Republic of Ragusa (Latin version: Communitas Ragusina then renamed Respublica Ragusina). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke Latin. With time it evolved into the Dalmatian language (Ragusan Dalmatian, now extinct Romance language <ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
</ref>). The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century. For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State (at one time part of the Republic of Venice, 1205–1358). The City State (then later Republic) become very wealthy, at one stage even rivaling the Republic of Venice.

====The Republic Became a Hub of Multi-Ethnic Communities====
According to historian Francesco Maria Appendini, Slavic was started to be spoken in Ragusa on regular basis in the 13th century which means the arrival of Croatian Slavs in the City State (for that time an new minority within the City State itself). <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar from Dubrovnik 1768–1837) the Slavic Croatian language started to be spoken in area in the 13th century. But the Charter of Ban Kulin mentions ''Dubrovьcane'', meaning people from Ragusa in 1189. This points to a '''even earlier''' Croatian Slavic presence in Ragusa (in the 12th century). The terms around 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians. Later it became the cities' modern name.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)
* ''"Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"'' '''Editors Note''': This event as described by John Van Antwerp Fine is from 1608. John Van Antwerp Fine work points out the arrival of Shtokavian Slavic (Hercegovci) speakers to the Republic. Shtokavian Slavic speakers in the end dominated the Slavic speakers within the Republic. </ref> It has been written that they came from the northwest. Also there has been written that Vlachs (Nigri Latini) where using the outer lands for pastoral activity.

By the 16th and 17th century a large proportion of its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe, migrations from the east started (i.e Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others etc,). From the west Spanish Jews (Spanish-Jews were expelled in 1493 from Spain), plus the devastating '''impact''' of plague epidemics and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (around 5,000 people were killed). With this the Republic became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Croatian Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by '''Venetian'''. Books were written in Latin and Italian. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language, i.e. Gianfrancesco Gondola (in modern Croatian, Ivan Gundulić).

With time two languages Italian and Slavic (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic. The Ragusan Senate was so concerned with the Slav language being so present in the Republic that it decided that the use of the Slavic (in the senate) was forbidden.
[[File:800px-Dubrovnik 042.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dubrovnik once the capital of the Republic of Ragusa now within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The ''Republic'' in the past was a hub of multi-ethnic communities.]]

Nevertheless the Republic developed a dual character.

====End of The Republic====
In 1808 during the Napoleonic Wars the 'Republic of Ragusa' ceased to be and it became part of the French Empire. In 1815 it was made a part of the Habsburg Empire (renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). At the time the former Republic had a dual character. The old Republic was now within the province of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien) and under Austrian rule. In essence the Republic's borders collapsed and was occupied. With the opening up of the Republic's borders, peoples who were once foreigners (or even enemies), were now citizens of the Habsburg Empire.

The political situation started to change and this was in part due to the nationalistic movements of the 19th century. In the neighbouring Kingdom of Croatia (Königreich Kroatien) a Croatian nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in Austria's Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduce within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski <ref> Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875)
*He too referred to the Dalmatian Slavic dialect as Illirskee. Cited from [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA256&dq=Statute+of+Curzola+korcula&hl=en&ei=ZAtdTJ7lF5ivcI-m3NsO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref>). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p83)
* One of the last Italian school that was abolished was in Korčula (Curzola) on the 13th of September 1876.</ref> For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. <ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (in Croatian-p8)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870):

"The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls."</ref>

The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete <ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref><ref>LANGUAGE AND NATION: AN ANALYSIS OF CROATIAN LINGUISTIC NATIONALISM - A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of San Diego State (p43)
{{quote|
''Robert Greenberg, the foremost English-language scholar on South Slav languages, believes the root of the language polemic lies in the Vienna agreement of 1850, which “reversed several centuries of natural Abstand developments for the languages of Orthodox Southern Slavs and Catholic Southern Slavs.” (Greenberg 2004, 23) Croatians and Serbians came to the negotiating table with differing experiences. Serbian linguists were standardizing a single dialect of rural speech and breaking with the archaic Slaveno-Serbian heritage of the eighteenth century “Serbian enlightenment.” Early [[Croatia|Croat]] nationalists proposed a standard language based on a widely spoken dialect linked with the literature of the Croatian Renaissance. With an eye towards South Slav unity they also encouraged liberal borrowing from various dialects (Greenberg 2004, 24-26). This basic difference in approach created conflicts throughout the history of the South Slav movement and the Yugoslav state (Greenberg 2004, 48).'' }}</ref>. This is reflected in its later labeling of the language as Illyrian, Croatian, Croato-Serbian, BCS, Serbo-Croatian etc. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed. The idea was to merge elements of Croatian and Serbian language into one, so a greater unified Super Southern Slavic state can have one language, of course this was at the detriment of other cultures. Old Croatian was rejected for this future super state (Old Croatian is now nearly extinct and is referred to as a dialect, it's called Chakavian. Kajkavian was firstly considered then rejected, another Croatian dialect).

====Cultural Assimilation of the Republic of Ragusa's History====
A process of cultural assimilation (Croatisation) of the Republic of Ragusa's history began in the 19th century (and in the Kingdom of Dalmatia) and this process is still continuing today. This process happened firstly in relation to the Ragusan-Slavic history and later with the Ragusan-Italianic history.

In relation to this Croatisation of the Republic's history an example we have:

* Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589-1638) a Ragusan Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa,

now has become a (reinvented). ........... Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Ivan Gundulic (Gondola) wrote many works in Italian and Croatian (previously referred to as Slavic). One of these was the Slavic poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. Interestingly, in a 1826 publication his name was written ''Giva Gundulichja'' and in 1967 his work was referred to as: {{quote|
''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulić"'' }} The quote is taken from the book ''Dubrovnik'' by Barisa Krekic.<ref> ''Dubrovnik'' by Bariša Krekić ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic, 1589 — 1638, are the best testimony to this. His epic "Osman" ranks among the greatest masterpieces of early Slavic literature, and also among the most ..."''</ref>

The terms around the word 'Dubrovnik' was most probably started of as a reference to the first Slav citizens of City State of Ragusa who where Croatians (Dubrovnik is a Croatian word, it's etymology comes from 'oak'. Might have been a reference of them coming from the forest). Later it became the cities second name then the official modern name which was just after World War One.

Please '''note''' Italian and Serbian communities also both trying to claim Republic of Ragusa cultural history.

== See also==
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]
* [[Croatisation]]

== External links ==
* [http://secretdalmatia.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/zadar-the-charming-past/ Image of Zadar post Allied bombings (February 4th 1944)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:
'' "Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In The Italians of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy."''

==Notes and References==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
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[[Category:History]]
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[[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[[Country_Code:=Italy]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Dalmatia::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[City:=Zadar]]
[[City:=Split]]
[[City:= Dubrovnik]]
[[Keyword::Roman Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Italy Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Antun Travirka]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatia History, Culture, Art Heritage]]
[[Keyword::Venetian Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword::Antonio Bajamonti]]
[[Keyword::Roger Joseph Boscovich]]
[[Keyword::Republic of Ragusa]]
[[Keyword::Dalmatian History]]
[[Keyword::Yugoslavia]]
[[Antun Travirka::biased ultra nationalistic propaganda]]
[[Croatian history::biased ultra nationalistic propaganda]]
[[Croatian history::cultural genocide]]
[[Antun Travirka::cultural genocide]]
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Vallegrande Speak

2024-12-06T08:13:39Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */ rv

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Old Vela Luka Speak}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The island of Korcula is marked red. Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]] ]]

'''Old Vela Luka Speak''' in Croatian, ''Staro Luški govor'' <ref>Tako su stari govorili. Translated: ''That's how the old folk use to speak''.</ref> (or
alternatively it could be called Vallegrande Speak) is an old [[Korcula Dialect]] from the small town of Vela Luka. The town is on the west end of the island of Korčula.<ref>The č is pronounced ''ch''.</ref> The island of Korčula lies just off the Dalmatian coast in [[Croatia]].<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> The language base of this Korčula Dialect is '''Croatian Chakavian''' <ref>'''Editors note''': Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago (prior to the arrival of the Slavs). The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian (Hrvat) identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.</ref> (it is also intermixed with Old Western Shtokavian<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan

* "However, the clashes between the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Pag [Dalmazia Veneta]. The newcomers brought their gene pool and a variety of cultural specificities, including the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language to the predominantly “Chakavian” area. The most extensive migrations to these islands occurred during the Cypriote (1571-1573), Candian (1645-1669), and Morean wars (1684-1699)."</ref>). It has very strong elements of ''Italian Venetian'' and it also has small remnants of the extinct Romance (Latin) language, '''Dalmatian''' <ref>PRILOG PROUČAVANJU LEKSIČKIH RAZLIKA IZMEĐU GOVORA BLATA I VELE LUKE (I) by Petar Milat Panža ''(Eng:'' Contribution to the Study of Lexical Differences Between the Speech of Blato and Vela Luka): ''..... a famous Croatian linguist finally asserted that there is no Slavic studies without Roman studies! He admitted that it is not possible to study the Croatian language with its three dialects - Štokavian, Kajkavian and Chakavian - without studying Romance influences, especially on our Chakavian languages. By the term Romanic influences, we understand remnants from Latin through Dalmatian (Old Dalmatian, Dalmatian-Romance), then remnants from Venetian and all other Italian dialects, and finally the influences of the standard Italian language. Another group worthy of research is the lexicon of Slavic origin, which appears in the speech of Vela Luka, but is not present in the speech of Blato.''

</ref><ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref>. The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been sometimes referred to as Corzulot. The local dialect is sometimes referred to as 'Naški' <ref>'''Note''': Naški means 'ours' thus meaning ''"our language"'' in Croatian.</ref> (the '''š''' is pronounced '''sh''').

The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the '''Republic of Venice''' (the French Empire dissolved the Republic <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima </ref> in 1797). The Old-Slavic term was Krkar. According to Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic written in his [[Defence of Korcula (part two)|Defence of Korcula in 1571]] the Greeks named it ''Corcyra Melena''.<ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>

One of Korčula's older names was Curzola. Vela Luka in the past was called Vallegrande (Latin: vallem maximam).

[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|500px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from 1903, written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by Ernesto Furlani.]]

===Chronology-Korcula Island Languages===
* Illyrian (Delmatae)
* Greek
* Latin (Romans)
* Romance Dalmatian (Vulgar Latin)
* Croatian (Slavic Chakavian)
* Venetian (Romance language)
* Old West Shtokavian - Slavic
* Italian (standardise language arrived, besides Latin)
* Croato-Serbian (Slavic standardise language<ref>Standardise Croatian arrived in the late 1850s. The Standardise language was referred to as '''Illyrian''' (Illirski). Ref from Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, p.50 written in Croatian</ref> ''also'' know as Serbo-Croatian, based on Neo Štokavian<ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg]</ref>)
Modern times
* Croatian (Croatian Literary Standard, standardise language)

==Words from the Old Vela Luka Dialect - Staro Luški==
Old Vela Luka Dialect - '''English''' - Croatian
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* A boje da ni - yes of course it is - Dakako da jeste
* adio - goodbye - doviđenja (addio: meaning in Italian goodbye)
* adojat - to please (aldojat: meaning in Romance Dalmatian ''to feel at home, to be settled'')
* afitat - rent ('''Venetian Italian''': afìt)
* aimemeni ''or'' aime meni - poor me ''or'' oh dear, dear me
* alavia - done properly ''or'' it's Ok!, just right - u redu (Romance Dalmatian ''just right'')
* apoteka - pharmacy (Venetian: apoteca, '''Greek''': Apotheke)
* arbol - ship's mast
* aria - air - zdrak (Venetian: aria)
* arma - armed (Venetian: arma)
* ašeta - a type of tool
* avižat <ref>The ž is is pronounced ''zh''.</ref> - to arrive - došao
* bala - dance - plesati (Venetian: baleto)
* balanca - balance, weighing scale
* baleta - bullet - metak (Venetian: bal)
* banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means ''side & flank'')
* balun - football (Venetian: balón)
* banak - bench (Venetian: banca) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jz2V1LL2u1YC&pg=PA19&dq=Bench+seat++in+Venetian&hl=en&ei=DSEbTb--Komlcb6vlLMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venetian-English English-Venetian:] When in Venice Do as the Venetians ''by'' Lodovico Pizzati (p19)</ref>
* baraka - shed ''or'' shack (Venetian: baràca)
* barba - uncle - stric (Venetian: barba)
* bareta - cap, hat (Venetian: baret)
* barilo - barrel (Venetian: barìla)
* barka - type of local boat (Venetian: bàrca)
* bašje - lower (Romance Dalmatian: ''bas de'')
* bat - a type of hammer (Venetian: batu meaning to strike)
* bevanda - wine with water - vino sa vodom (Venetian: bevànda ''"watery wine"'')
* beštija - animal - životinja ('''Latin''': bestia ''also'' beast)
* beštimat - swear (Venetian: bestiemàr)
* bičve - socks - čarape
* bićerin - small glass (Venetian: bicér ''"glass"'')
* bilo - white - bjelo
* bira - beer - pivo (Venetian: bira)
* bluza - female shirt - ženska košulja
* Brigela - local nickname (Venetian: brighela ''joker'')
* brokva - nail
* bobon - lolly
* boca - bottle - flaša (Venetian: boca)
* bome - of course - naravno (Romance Dalmatian: bome)
* bonaca - the sea is dead calm (Venetian: bonàça)
* botilja - bottle ('''Romance Dalmatian''': ''botaila'')
* botun - button (Romance Dalmatian: ''botaun'')
* bravo - well done
* buka - noisy - glasan (Romance Dalmatian: buka)
* bukva - herring
* bura - local wind (Venetian: bora)
* burlsa - bag
* butiga - shop
* buža - hole - rupa (Venetian: bus ''or'' buxa)
* cilo - wine without water - vino bez vode
* Cilo doba sam bi tu - I was there all along - Tu sam bio neprestano
* cima - rope’s end (also called bitter end); rope put overboard; edge, end or tip of something. Origin: The earliest record of the term is the Italian - cima, at the beginning of the 17th century. <ref>Lingua Franca in the Dalmatian Fishing and Nautical Terminology by J.Božanić</ref>
* cukar - sugar - šečer (Venetian: sucaro)
* čakule - gossip (č is ch)
* čagalj - jackal
* čejad - people - ljudi
* ćìkara - small cup - šalica (Venetian: chicara)
* čorav - blind (Venetian: ciòro ''"blind person"'')
* damižana - a netted bottle
* daska - small plank
* daž - rain - kiša
* '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
* denti - teeth - zubi (Romance Dalmatian)
* dobota - nearly - (Venetian: dedoto ''or'' doboto)
* dreto - straight (Romance Dalmatian: drat)
* di - where - gdje
* dite - child - djete
* Di greš?- Where are you going?
* Di si? Where are you?
* Esi ija? ''or'' Esi izja? - Did you eat?
* ižejat - to work out ''or'' improvise
* ipo - half
* iza - after ''or'' above
* izija - ate
* izvrtit - to undo a screw
* faca - face - lice (Venetian: faca)
* fabrika - factory - tvornica (Latin: fabrica- manufacture ''or'' to craft, trade, art, trick, device)
* fabrikat - to trick
* falso - fake (Venetian: falso "liar")
* farmacia - pharmacy - Apoteka (Romance Dalmatian)
* fatiga - work - radi
* febra - fever
* feral - a gas or petroleum lamp for attracting fish (night fishing). Also in Venetian feral means "lamp".
* fermai - stop - stani (Italian: fermare ''verb'' 'stop')
* feta - slice (Venetian: feta)
* feca - wine sludge
* figura - figure (Venetian: figura)
* fjaka - When one feels sleepy on a lazy summer day afternoon.
* forma - shape (Venetian: forma)
* fraja - to go out and have a good time (Venetian: fraja-happy company ''or'' happy bunch)
* fratar - brother - brat (Romance Dalmatian)
* frigati - to fry (Romance Dalmatian: fregur)
* '''frižul''' - a spot to have a chat, on a stone bench <ref>''''Da Se Ne Zaboravi''': Rječnik, Stare Priče, Običaji i Zanati u Blatu na Otoku Korčuli' ''by'' Žanetić Pudarić, Blato 2009 (''Eng:'' Let's Not Forget: Dictionary, Old Stories, Customs and Trades in Blato on the Island of Korcula)
. In Croatian, meaning taken from the book: ''"ižul - niska kamena klupa uz kuću koja služi za odmaranje, ćakulu, za prtit stoku, itd (a low stone bench next to the house that is used for resting, discussions ....., etc."''</ref> (Romance Dalmatian: faul ''or'' faular, meaning to speak)
* forca - power (apply with strength)
* fortuna - strong wind
* fratar - priest (Latin: frater ''meaning'' brother)
* fuga - gap (Latin: flight, escape)
* fumar - chimney (Venetian: fuma ''meaning'' smoke)
* fumati - smoking - pušiti
* furešti - foreigner - stranac
* gače - pants
* gira - a fish from [[Croatia]].
* gradele - grill - roštilj; sprava za pečenje na žaru (Venetian:graèla)
* gre - going
* grintav - they are in a bad mood
* griža - a form of very hard stone
* gundula - type of boat
* gusti - enjoyment (Venetian: gusto-pleasurable)
* gusto - thick
* gustrina - underground rainwater reservoir
* guzica - bottom
* hoča ''or'' homoča (more group related) - lets go
* kacavida - screwdriver
* kadena - chain (Romance Dalmatian:''kataina'')
* kajić - type of local boat
* kajiš - belt
* '''Kalafat''' - means masters (shipyard workers) who filled the fissures between boards on a wooden boat.
* kamara - bedroom - soba (Latin: camera-vault, vaulted room)
* kantat - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)
* kapelīn - small female hat - maleni ženski šešir (Venetian: capelìn ''or'' piccolo cappello)
* kapula - onion - luk (Romance Dalmatian: ''kapula'')
* karoca - small carriage (Venetian: carosa)
* kašeta - small wooden box
* kašun - large box
* katrida - chair - stolica (Romance Dalmatian: '' katraida'')
* katun - corner (Latin: cantus)
* '''klapa''' - an a cappella form of music <ref>The traditional '''Klapa''' was composed of around half of dozen male singers (in recent times there are ''female'' Klape groups). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavic-Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman population of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. Church music heavily influences the arrangements. The modern Klapa style was established in the 1960s.</ref> (Venetian: clapa ''"singing crowd"'')
* keleh - the floor
* kolbuk - hat
* koltrine - curtains (Venetian: coltrina)
* konoba - cellar
* kontra - against - protiv (Latin: contra)
* korač - hammer
* koraj - full of himself - (Venetian: coràjo ''means'' courage)
* kormilo - rudder
* krepa - died - umro (Venetian: crepar meaning '''die''' ''also'' means crack)
* kuntra - bump into
* kušin - pillow - uzglavlje ''or'' jastuk (Venetian: cussin)
* kužina - kitchen - kuhinja (Venetian: cuxìna)
* kužin - cousin - rođak (Venetian: cuxìn)

{{col-break}}
* lacun - bed sheets (Romance Dalmatian: lenzul)
* lamin - sheetmetal bucket
* lanterna - lighthouse - svjetionik (Venetian: lanterna)
* lapis - pencil - olovka (Venetian: apis)
* lata - tin (Venetian: lata)
* lavadin - washbasin (Venetian: lavandin)
* laz - a small part of a agriculturally worked land.
* leć - sleep - spavati (Romance Dalmatian: lat ''meaning'' bed)
* lešada - a type of fish soup (boiled)/ Lesada in Venetian means ''boil''.
* leut - type of local boat
* levant - local wind
* libro - book - knjiga
* licenca - licence - dozvola (Venetian: icenca)
* lipo - nice ''or'' beautiful - ljepo
* očetavat - to unhook, sort out
* mahnit - crazy, unstable, nuts
* maistral - local coastal wind
* makina - machine
* makina od pranja- washing machine
* '''Malandrin''' - Local nickname. In Venetian it means: ''dishonest or crook''
* mapa - map (Venetian: mapa)
* Maragun - wood worker (Venetian: Marangòn)
* maza - to be spoiled, the spoiled one (Venetian: maza)
* Ma ''or'' mat - mother - majka
* mećat - to throw
* meja - a stone wall in the field (drystone fence, Ita: muretto a secco)
* mezo - in between (Venetian: mèzo ''"half"'')
* Mi povidamo na našu ''or'' Mi pripovidamo na našu- Mi pričamo naš jezik (in neoshtokavian)
* mir/ wall - Dalmatian: mir (Croatian: ''zid'')
* mlinko - milk
* mola - let go
* motika - local agricultural tool
* mudante - underwear (Venetian: mudande)
* munita - change ''money'' (Romance Dalmatian: monaita)
* munka - flour - brašno
* noštromo - boatswain
* ofinditi - to insult
* parlaš - talking - govoriti (Venetian: ''he speaks'' ''or'' Romance Dalmatian: palaura ''meaning'' word)
* parti - leaving
* pamidora - tomato ('''Italian''': pamidore)
* pandur - policemen - policija (Venetian: panduro)
* panja - bread - kruh
* papit - this ''word'' is used when feeding a child - jedi djete (Venetian: papa-means ''baby food'')
* patakuni - small change - mali/sitni novac (Romance Dalmatian)
* patalone - pants
* perun - fork (Venetian: pirón ''from'' [[Greece|Greek]]: pirouni)
* piat ''or'' pijat - plate
* pikolo - small, little (Venetian: picolo)
* '''Pelišac''' - Pelješac (other names used: Pelisac, Stonski Rat, Puncta Stagni, Ponta di Stagno and Sabioncello)
* pirula - pill - tableta (Venetian: pirola)
* pistun - piston (Venetian: piston)
* priša - in a hurry - (Venetian: presá - meaning ''hast'')
* prusura/frying pan - Dalmatian: prasura <ref>Nikola Vuletić - Croatian in the Mediterranean Context: Language Contacts in the Early Modern Croatian Lexicography </ref>
* pitura - paint (Venetian: pitura-painting)
* piz - weight (Latin origin, Venetian: pexa meaning ''weighing'')
* '''poć na ribe''' - going fishing - ići na ribanje
* pod - upper floor (Venetian: podolo - meaning ''balcony'')
* popričat - lets discuss
* postelja - bed - krevet
* postoli - shoes - cipele
* pripovidat - to tell a story
* probi - penetrate
* provaj - give it a try, to test it out (Venetian: pròva - meaning ''test'')
* prskat - mini shower
* prat- wash
* pule - baby donkey
* punte - points
* punistra - window (Latin: fenestra)
* puntižel - plank, board
* reful - small strong wind ''a gust''
* regeta - light sheet metal
* rič - word
* ritko - not often
* roba - clothes - odjeća
* rotunda - circular dry stone building - vrtujak
* sak - bag (Venetian: saco)
* senjat - to mark
* setemana - week - tijedan (Venetian: setemana)
* skala - stairs (Venetian: scala, scalinada)
* skula - school - škola
* skuža - understood, work it out
* snig - snow - snjeg
* spim - I'm sleeping
* spirit - ghost - duh
* spiza - food - hrana
* soldi - money - novac (Latin: solidus)
* soto - underneath - ispod (Venetian: sot ''or'' soto)
* sritan - happy or lucky - sretan
* stezi - tighten
* šegac - saw
* šestan - attractive or good looking (Venetian:sesto-grace, well mannered)
* šija - reverse - natrag
* šiloko - local wind (Venetian: siròco)
* škina - back (spine) - leđa
* škoj - island - otok
* škver - shipyard - brodgradilište
* špina - tap (Venetian: spina)
* špirit - ghost - duh (Venetian: spirito. In local Vallegrande Speak it can mean strong alcohol)
* šporko - dirty (Venetian: spórco)
* štivo - book - Knjiga
* štrada - street - ulica (Italian: strada)
* šufit - attic ''or'' loft (Venetian: sofìta)
* šugaman - beach towel
* šujat - to trick
* takat - to roll olives ''to'' remove leaves
* tanac - dance - ples
* tastamenat - confession or a ''will''
* tata - father - otac (Latin Romance language Dalmatian: Tuota)
* tavajola - tablecloth (Venetian: toaja)
* teće - leaking
* tereina or teća - metal bowl (Venetian: tereina)
* terpeza - table - stol
* tira - pull
* timul - driving wheel, ships or boats wheel, rudder (Venetian: timon)
* torta - a type of cake (Romance language Dalmatian: Turta)
* tovar - donkey - magarac
* traversa - apron - pregača (Venetian: traversa)
* tudin - small round steel bar
* ura - hour - jedan sat
* umideca - damp - vlaga (Venetian: umidic)
* vagun - ten tones
* vala - bay'' (vale - bays)''
* vapor - ferry - trajekt (Venetian: Bapor meaning ''steamship'')
* vara vamo - move on ''or'' move over there, these are commands ''for'' local donkeys when on the move
* vedro - clear sky (Romance Dalmatian: vedar - ''to see'')
* vesta - dress - ženska haljina (Venetian: garment, vestir: dress)
* '''vela''' - big - veliko
* vida - screw
* Vi ga niste vidili - You did not see him.
* vlasi - hair - kosa
* volja - desire, wanting too, mood - želja (Venetian: wish, desire, Can be used i.e. Nije mi volja. Meaning - I'm not in the mood ''or'' I'm not feeling too good.
* zamantan - crazy - lud
* zamuti - to stir
* Za fatigu je just - For work he is perfect - Za posao je izvrstan
* Zapiha sam se - I've lost my breath - izgubio sam zdrak
* zrcalo - mirror - ogledalo
* zeje - local dish
* žeja - thirsty (the ž is pronounced zh)
* želizo - axe - sjekira
* žmul - glass - čaša
{{col-end}}
</div>

== Additional History ==
Trying to re-tell the history of this part of the world (old Dalmatia part of [[Croatia]]) is fraught with problems. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Communist party]] was the main driving force in all social matters within the former Yugoslavia. It created historic falsehoods to promote its own aggressive political authoritarian agenda.

We can definitely confirm that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103) {{quote|
''In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent.'' }}</ref><ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237)</ref><ref>N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p83) </ref>, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent.

Two languages became the norm on the island, firstly the Romance Latin language called ''Dalmatian'', then we have the '''arrival''' of old Slavic [[Croatia|Croatian Chakavian]] language. With time these languages started to overlap with a form of '''bilingualism''' being created (with the written language being [[Latin]]). The fact that Slavs from the old neighbouring [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]] also spoke old Slavic Chakavian could indicate that this group of Slavs came from the same ''or'' similar tribal group.

When the Serbian forces were annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' by the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثماني) in '''1389''' a large group of peoples started a exodus westward (Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire - Turks in 1453). Venetian Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Montenegrins, Albanians, Serbs & others) and add to the fact that the Black Plague <ref>Korcula was devastated by the plague in 1529 and 1558.{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': " A plague devastated the town in 1529, depleting the population. The burned houses of infected persons, called kućišta..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZyOYDrSkX80C&pg=PA239&dq=Italian+population+Curzola&hl=en&ei=3ptXTcqwOIjSuwPI3NyrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Italian%20population%20Curzola&f=false The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition)] by F Hamilton Jackson (p239)</ref><ref>Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007 by Nikola Bačić 2007: " ''13. EPIDEMIC 1617. It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation for their homeland were extinct.''"</ref> depleted the island's population the Venetian authorities saw a need to bring new families to the island of Korčula. Amongst these were Western Shtokavian Slavic speakers. With these new added migrations the Slavic speakers became a strong majority. This applies more to west end of the island, with the village of Račišće being the exception (the village is in the eastern part of the island).

If the translation of the [[Defence of Korcula|Defence of Korčula]]  from Ottoman Turkish Attack in 1571 (Corcyrae Melenae Opus - Antonii Rosanei), originally written by Antun (Antonio) Rozanovic is ''untainted'', we can see that the majority of the defenders of the island were by 1571 of Slavic decent. If we use this as a reference, then from the mid 16th century onwards the majority of Korčula's population was indeed of Slavic origins.

===Old Vela Luka Dialect Evolved Late 18th Century===

Vela Luka's first beginnings as a town, are from the late 17th century (late 1600s). It started with the population of the neighbouring Blato <ref>In Croatian blato means ''mud'' it also has been said the word is related to ''water'' referring to the once lake in neighbouring field</ref> setting up a town with a port in the large bay of Vela Luka (Vallegrande ''or'' Latin: vallem maximam). Zvonko Maričić (Maricich) states in the late 1500s there where already five buildings in the bay (one being a church). The buildings belong to Ismaelli, Gabrielli, Canavelli<ref> In re-written modern Croatian: Kanavelić</ref> and Kolovic.

Then around the 1690s <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p207)</ref> there were additional twelve households (written in modern Croatian): Draginić, Tulić, Nalošić, Kostričić, Cetinić, Mirošević, [[Directory:Zuvela‎‎|Žuvela]], Prižmić, Marinović, Dragojević, Barčot and Surjan.

Old Vela Luka Dialect is an off shoot of the language spoken in '''17th-18th century''' town of Blato. Etymology of Vallegrande would translate as large bay. From Latin ''grandis'' means large, big whilst ' valle ' in local dialect means bays. Valle (plural) is most probably of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian origin which was spoken by '''Latin Dalmatians'''. The modern name, Vela Luka is an old Croatian translation of Vallegrande, Vela meaning ''large'' and Luka meaning ''bay'' or even port. Within the Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola (Statute of Korčula Town) the written version from 1427, Vela Luka the bay is mention also as "''vela Luca''". With this record we have Croatian-Slavic language influences in the first half of 15th century. The first written Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola was by the Dalmatian Latins and possibly the new Slavic nobility in 1214.

Very important to note there is a strong element of Italian Venetian within Old Vela Luka Dialect. By the time of 15th and 16th century the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (more in the west end) spoke Old Croatian with a small remnants of the Romance Dalmatian language and with heavy influences of Italian Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). During the rule of the Republic of Venice (from 1420 to 1797) saw the disappearance of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian.

It also has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

One could easily say that now the 'Old Vela Luka Dialect' (Staro Luški govor) is slowly becoming extinct. Successive Yugoslavian governments, be it the Communist Yugoslavian regime (1945-91) or the earlier Kingdom of Yugoslavia, pushed a Pan-Slavic and Croatian Nationalistic political rule. One of their policies in Dalmatia was Slavicisation of the culture, language and history. Before Yugoslavia came into being the policy was first started to be implemented by Austro-Hungarian Empire, so the original '''Mr Gabrielli''' became Gabrijeliċ. It takes only one generation to change a language, two generations for it too cease to exist. Today's dialect in Vela Luka (Luški Govor, English: Old Vela Luka Speak) is different and has incorporated much of the standardised modern Croatian language (Croatian Literary Standard).

'''Note''': From the late 19th century onwards the old [[Dalmatian Italians#The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia |Dalmatian]] culture has been all but disappearing from the region.
The last Italian-language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': The island of Korcula was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1815 to 1918). It was within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien). In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia ''' (Königreich Kroatien) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce (a process of [[Croatisation]]) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illyrian (Illirski). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar. </ref>
* Information below taken from Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci )</ref>}}

[[File:734653 405215212895995 137846031 n.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula in the 1890s.]]

== Names of Bays, Fields and Parts of the Town==
* Bad (part of Vela Luka) meaning banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means side & flank)
*'Kale' means ''road'' in Romance language Dalmatian: ''Cale'', (Latin: ''callis'' or path, pathway, sideway, lane, forest pastures, footpath)
* Guvno (part of Vela Luka)
* Bobovišċa (once not part of Vela Luka but now is)
* Vranac
* Gradina (a small bay, west of Vela Luka)
* Bradat (a field near Vela Luka)

== See also ==
* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

</div>

==External Links==
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/venetian.htm Venetian Language - www.omniglot.com]

==Notes & References==
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|155px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
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[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|250px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|425px| Croatia (Hrvatska)]]
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[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčulanski]]
[[Keyword:=Directory:Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Corzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Korzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian dialect]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Latin]]
[[Keyword:=Klapa]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Guvno]]
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[[Category:History]]

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Directory:Korcula History

2024-12-06T08:10:47Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */ fix

{{DISPLAYTITLE:History of Korcula - Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula}}
* Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula by '''Nikola Ostojic'''.<ref>Nikola Ostojic is from the town of Blato which is situated on the island of Korcula.</ref>
Printing Company of G. Woditzka - Zadar (Zara) 1858. (Originally written in [[Italy|Italian]].)

Below is a small section of the book.
</div>
[[File:N Ostojic.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Nikola Ostojic (1803-1869) author of Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula (''"Compendio Storico dell Isola di Curzola"'').]]

[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Town of Korcula]]
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]

== Chapter One - Origin and Events ==
Some fathers of history, based on Diti, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gDMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Ancient+Greek+historian+Ditte+Crete&hl=en&ei=uMiiTd7vLImcvgO53MGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false A Classified Catalogue of the Malta Garrison Library] by Malta Garrison Library (p64)
* Ditte di Creta, e Darete Frigio. Delia Guerra Trojana. (Collana Greca. class. 12.)

"Of these two Histories of the Trojan War, by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius, the first, given in the name of a supposed very ancient Historian of Crete, is a spurious narrative, forged at Rome in the Time of Nero 60 Ad; the second is, also, a forged history, supposed to be written by Septimus Romanus 370 Ad."</ref> contemporary Cretan of the war of Troy, wish that Antenore as the first to land on the island and build a city. Because of the dark appearance of its woods called it '''Corcira Melaena''' .<ref>[[Latin]]: Corcyra Nigra - ''Black Corcyra''. Italian-Curzola, Greek-Corcyra Melaina. The original Greek island name is Kórkyra (Κέρκυρα), ''" dark appearance of its woods"'' referencing to the Greek island. In English ''the Greek'' island is called Cofu</ref><ref>'''Korcula''' is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the ''Dubrovnik-Neretva County'' of [[Croatia]]. The island lies just off the Dalmatian coast.</ref><ref>[http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/c2/curzola.html Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)]</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.</ref> Other followers of his position claim that they were not exiles of Ilius, but fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditte (work of Cav) <ref>Cavaliere = Knight (honorary title)/'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> Compagnoni, <ref>Dalmatia, literary sheet, 1st January 1846; No. 1/Ostojic's original historical source from 1858.</ref> stated that Antenore remained in [[Greece]], but the said Aeneas, was the likely leader of the colony and founder of the ''City of Curzola'', [Editors note: Korcula's old name was Curzola. In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''".<ref>The Old-Slavic term for Korcula was '''Krkar'''.</ref>] This theory was competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian and other contemporaries.

The truth of this claim, considering the mythological chronology of the grammatical ''Alexandrian Heratostene'', would oblige us to go back to approximately 1184 BC, at the time in which according to the Bible, Gideon judged Israel: 126 years prior to David coming to the throne. But the historian, more traditional than anything else, cannot rely on these vague claims. Yet least of all when facing criticism. ''Ditte'' and ''Darete'' did not know how to support their historical theory. Whether Antenore or Aeneas was the leader, or Gnidi or the Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities arouses a belief that Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post. Even though during this period there are inferences which are not at all unfounded, none are of a particular positive nature.

The mystery clears then when the '''Illyrians''' become powerful lords of the Adriatic. Their king Agron, asserting his authority on the other neighbouring islands also occupied Korčula, in 230 B.C.<ref>In the original book the date was 250B.C. Latest historic research states 230 B.C. to be more accurate (Illyricum & Roman Politics 229 BC-AD 68 by
Danijel Dzino)</ref> On his death regaining its independence, the widow queen '''Teuta''' <ref>'''Queen Teuta''' (Ancient Greek: Τεύτα) was an Illyrian queen of the Ardiaei tribe who reigned approximately from 229 BC to 227 BC.</ref> took control of it again until Demetrius Fario, appointed as its prefect, surrendered it to the '''Romans''' together with Lesina [Editors note-modern: Hvar] his homeland. Whether Agron and Teuta had forcefully occupied the island with the use of arms, cannot be affirmed. The Alexandrian Appiano says no more than: ''"and once (they) conquered the island of Pharum [Editors: Pharum note-modern Hvar]"'' <ref>[[Latin]] section: ''"Pharumque bello captum"''</ref>; which makes us think it occurred due to combined dedication. Only in the times of Caesar, Octavian Augustus (35 B.C.) does the name in the history of human events appear clear. It is known now for the first time, that the Curzolani [Editors note: inhabitants of Korčula] tried to seal their reacquired freedom with their own blood. They resisted with anguished courage to the arms of the Triumvir who had come in person to conquer it. The punishment was equal to the resistance. The Alexandrian Appiano tells us of the severity of the punishment and the cause of the war: {{quote|
''After a fierce war, Divus Augustus defeated the inhabitants of Melite <ref>Melite is the island of Mljet. '''Mljet''' is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the ''Dubrovnik-Neretva County'' of '''Croatia.'''</ref> and Corcyra <ref>Corcyra is the island of Korčula</ref> who, at that time, were running out of supplies; the reason for the war was that these islanders had resorted to piracy and used to infest the sea with their fleet. All the adults were killed at once, while the remaining people were sold as slaves '' <ref>Latin section:'' "Divus Augustus deficientes Melitenses et Corcyrenses qui Insulas incolunt; ingenti belli mole superavit, quoniam maria classe praedebatur. Puberes ad unum caesi cetera multitudo sub corona venit"''</ref>}} But if Octavian in the repression caused it to be damaged, he didn’t consider it unworthy of his attention for its benefit; sending Roman colonists to it to direct it for better understanding and regulated habits, paving the way to a much greater cultivation and lessening the original coarseness. If the gravestones which are being unearthed among the ruins scattered across the island bear witness to the existence of the Roman colonies, they explain their purpose.
[[File:Curzola of old.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Town of Korcula (Curzola-1708)]]
Korčula, from its origins to the present time, has been in existence for 3,038 years, and history classifies its political life in the following phases:
*Free with her own independence until the occupation by Agron, and then for very short intervals by Teuta, by the Romans until Octaviano Augustus; and then at the time of the Veneti <ref> People from the Veneto Region/'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> from 1180 to 1252, from 1254 to 1258, and from 1418 to 1420, on the whole.
*Subject to the Roman Emperors first from the west, then from the east, by Augustus to Heraclius until 642.
*Defeated and confederated by the Narantani [Editors note: Narentines or Neretva Slavic pirates] from 642 to 999.
*Conquered by the Veneti under the management of the doge '''Pietro II Orseolo''' from 999 to 1100.
*Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
*Recaptured by Popone Zorzi, from the Veneto Region, and by the Republic subjected to this house from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
*Possessed on behalf of the king of [[Hungary]] from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
*Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420, and held by it with exemption from any tax until 1797.
*Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.
*Taken and held by the Russians in 1808
*Taken from the French by the [[England|English]] and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.
*Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to the present 1858.

==Chapter Two - Battles Sustained on the Island of Korcula==

Protected by the Roman eagles, Korčula enjoyed peace and was well-off. Nor due to the change of events did she try to claim freedom; and as at first was faithful to Rome when the Empire divided she was ruled by Constantinople. But with the Caesar's loss of power the days of pain were nearing.

From a very old report discovered recently, that we don’t consider apocryphal, is noted how frightening the invasion of the Narentines was for the island, and as to a certain king ''who, escaping the persecution of Narentines' fleet, built a fortress in Siralievaz'', <ref>Latin sections: ''"qui fugiens a persecution galearum Narentinorum construxit arcem in Siralievax"''</ref> in which with one hundred of his followers he had stationed himself, succeeded to gather the surrounding defence to himself. This king would have built other fortresses there: Maxima Autem, says the report, {{quote|
''but the biggest fortress was the one erected in a place that locals call Bradat, close to the dwelling of a good man, a saint whose name is Saint Visko'' <ref>Latin section:''"arx fuit in domorio incolum quem locum appellant Bradat apud domum unius hominis probi, et sacnti quem incolae dicunt Sveti Visko"''</ref>}} He had the inhabitants of Korčula equip six prisons at his own expense, and thus also erect three shelters. Of all this there are obvious ruins to date. {{quote|
''(the king) erected three shelters in the harbour facing the northern side of the mountain called Gradina, where our merciful king's fleet used to be stationed... Not so far from the inner sea of the Island, there is a place favourable for fighting against the powerful Narentines pirates, who were a huge nuisance.'' <ref>Latin section: ''"in portu ad septentrionem montis sic dicti Gradinae ubi sistebant naves nostril regis clementissimi.....non longe maris interni Insulae aptus locus est ad debellandos piratas fortes Narentinos molestos valde"''</ref>}}

Despite the relentless defence bravely sustained by the inhabitants, most from the Mattani in the fortress of Siralievaz, every effort was useless, the king was compelled to flee from the island; in fact he was almost taken by the Narentines in the sortie made from the western promontory, if he had not been freed on the part of the islanders. The reporter gives his name as '''Ristle''' and declares himself minister of the king, after his death which occurred elsewhere with royal brother Ottoniero, states that he returned to the island, where he had a sister desponsata Patron Spaho: {{quote|
''(the minister says: I had) a sister married to patron Spaho, lord of the beautiful land of Sitnizza, where he used to pitch his tent and hunt birds.... and I found that Narentines plundered many things. My strength abandoned me when I saw the fleet and the fields... We cannot move any further without incurring in our strong enemies. [Editors notes: patron Spaho is someone who has undertaken to protect the interests of a community]'' <ref>Latin section: ''".... domino domorij Sitinitiani (Sitnizza) pulcherimi agri in quo habebat tentorio et capiebat aves ... et inveni, continues, Narentinos depopulasse multa. Omnes mee vires sestebant in conspectioneagrorum atque navium ... nos non possumus prodire nullibi, nisi in fortes hostes incurramus."''</ref>}} There was hard aggression committed to both towns of which the ruins can still be seen in ''Bradat'' and ''Potirna''.<ref>'''Potirna''' is a village on the west end of the island of Korcula in Croatia.</ref> They were inhabited also by Roman families, as the gravestones and many other ancient pieces unearthed not so long ago bear witness.

A battle took place on the island around the year 829. Banished from the throne (the Curzolani) and from the State and ''Obeleiro'' and ''Beato Antenonj'', or Antonaj, doges, one after the other of Venice. The Curzolani, already confederated of the Narentines, acknowledged friendship and partisan feelings. The doge Zuanne Partecipazio, being informed of these schemes, at the head of a strong army descended upon Korčula, which despite powerful resistance, saw many of his own killed and the prisoners hanged. The ex doge Beato Antenonio had his head cut off. ''['''Editors''' note: Some sources state that Giovanni ''or Zuanne'' Participazio, killed Obelerio degli Antenori in Malamocco, near Venice. His severed head then was displayed to the people ''or'' that he died in Zadar. Another source states that he was buried with pomp in the Church of San Teodoro]'' <ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030932812/cu31924030932812_djvu.txt "The doges of Venice"] Chapte Two: Wooers of The Adiatic A.D. 809 to 960 </ref>

A source from the Veneto Region stated that as a result of this fact Korčula and Veglia, where even the Antenonj had partisans, remained subject to those of the Veneto Region. This occurred for a brief period with regard to Korčula, the resulting reunion being tough between her and the Narentines, however the alliance lasted a short time. There is on the island a sunny valley called Dughipod, neighbouring the inundating field known Blatta [Editors note-modern: Blato], in which one could see various large masses of rocks, and among these the largest and widest, and the only one on the island, called ''Ducelova gomilla''. From the previous matter and from the places, which embrace vast plains suited for manoeuvring an army in battle, it is probable that a battle occurred there and that under that impressive mass of rocks was buried the beheaded doge ''Beato Antenonio'', and therefore to that the Slavic name of ''Ducelova gomilla'', namely the doge’s partition wall.

The fourth battle was with the doge of the Veneto Region '''Pietro II Orseolo''' in 999, from which, having defeated the Narentines, their ally Korčula, was also conquered. Some historians note that the Curzolani, determined to oppose the advances of the doge, urged the Ragusani [Editors note-modern:Dubrovnik] and the Lesignani [Editors note-modern: Hvar] to form an alliance, but pre-empted by the sudden appearance of a large army in the ''Korčula Channel'', which fruitlessly awaited on the nearby reef of S. Massimo.<ref>also known as abbr. aka; (ref. plant, animal) common name./'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> Vulgo Massan, opted for negotiations for surrender, due to the fact that Korčula was forced to withstand alone. Of this fact '''Andrea Dandolo''' <ref>'''Andrea Dandolo''' (1306 – September 7, 1354) was elected the 54th doge of Venice in 1343, replacing Bartolomeo Gradenigo who died in late 1342.</ref> writes: {{quote|
''Since Korčula's inhabitants refused to obey Orseolo's orders, he gathered a strong armed force and subdued them.''<ref>Latin section: ''"Curzolae habitatores suis (of Orseolo) recusants parere jussionibus, valida manu acquisivit suaeque potestati subjugavit."''</ref>}} The learned Marco Casotti with Lucio claim that the alliance of Korčula with the Narentines worked to even make Venice their inland revenue, after the death of its doge ''Pietro Candiano'' in the battle of Pontamica, and that those of the Veneto Region were now avenging themselves of this by dismantling Korčula from the foundations.

The reports tell that the Venitians were distracted in the Holy Land undertaking and allowed the Genoese, in the year 1100, to occupy the island of Korčula and to keep it subjugated for some time. This subjection will not be followed with a fight, as the Curzolani with far greater powers fought to support their freedom, nor without shedding of blood would they be subjected.
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
===Miroslav, Nemanja and Costantino===
Miroslav, Stefan Nemanja <ref>Stefan Nemanja (c. 1114 – 13 February 1199) was a 12th-century Serb royalty, heir to the Vukanović dynasty and Grand Prince of medieval Raška from 1166 to 1196. Nemanja was from Ribnica in Zeta, present day Podgorica which is the capital of Montenegro.</ref> and Costantino, counts of Chelmo,<ref>Nobles of '''Raška''' who ruled Chelmo (Zahumlje). Raška was a medieval principality created by Serbian Slavs (Costantino is referred to as Stracimir).</ref> broadened with significant conquests the fatherly encroachers and possessed the territories of Narenta, Macarsca [Editors note-modern: Makarska] and Stagno [Editors note-modern: Ston]. The counts wanted to conquer Ragusa and to the detriment of Catholicism they also wanted to conquer nearby Korčula.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA8&dq=Miroslav+korcula&hl=en&ei=5lisTY7YI4yYvAO7raX_CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Miroslav%20korcula&f=false The Late Medieval Balkans:] A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century by John Van Antwerp Fine (p8)</ref> Therefore Constantine with a strong army, which amounted to some twenty thousand men, in 1181 landed in a faraway part of the city of Ragusa and began also to terrorise the island with fire and steel. But the Curzolani, ''gathering together '',<ref>Latin section: ''"cum se in unum conglobassent"''</ref> as '''Farlati''' <ref>'''Daniele Farlati''' (22 February 1690 – 25 April 1773) was an ecclesiastical historian. Farlati was born in San Daniele del Friuli in present day [[Italy]].</ref> writes, took up the pursuit of their enemies, of which they killed many. Others were taken as prisoners, among which the said Constantino, who to obtain his freedom was compelled, together with his brothers, under oath to promise never again to make an attempt to take any step towards the independence of the Curzolani. With this resounding victory they honourably regained their freedom and preserved/protected the professed Catholic religion.

===Zorzi House===
By the end of the year 1129 Korčula was subjected to the Zorzi House [Editors note: Republic of Venice] but due to various events regained it's independence. In 1252 Marsilio Zorzi succeeded in re-conquering it for Venice. The Curzolani suffered badly under his tyranny and after two years of his control dismissed him. Ruggero Zorzi a few years later with the help of Venice and Ragusa, amassed a strong arm of forces and arrived below the city calling on it to surrender. Not taking any notice of these threats, the Curzolani resolutely rejected the attack and tested the enemy inflecting lots of damage. They seized the banner from the invaders. The wounded Ruggero was obliged to give up and take cover within the island. A number of the inhabitants, allured by promises, acted as a support for him in order that he could return to the offensive against the city. After a strong crushing battle, Ruggero sacked and demolished the town. He placed Count Marsilio back in command. Merciful towards the defeated, the walls he rebuilt were more beautiful than before.

===Giorgio Viario===
[[File:Curzola ship8.jpg|thumb|right|355px| Town of Korcula (Curzola)]]
[[File:Ostojic's page 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ostojic's page from the '''1878''' issue of his book.]]

In the year 1483 ''Federico of Aragon'', son of Ferdinand king of Naples, was at war with the Venetians.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/canonpietrocaso00casogoog/canonpietrocaso00casogoog_djvu.txt Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494 by Pietro Casola - www.archive.org] (Note 58 on p377)</ref> With Lissa [Editors note-modern: Vis] being destroyed and conquered a large army landed their troops with the aim of conquering Korčula. '''Giorgio Viario''' then ruled the island with the title of count for the republic of the Veneto region. He was a fearless and courageous man who had the city well armed. He positioned the few island fighters in appropriate sites and resolutely defended the town of Korčula. With the aid of these allies he repelled repeated assaults and destroyed the catapults thus turning the tide of the battle in favour of the defenders. His followers also fended off attacks by the other military artilleries employed by the Aragonese to demolish the walls and enter the city. Such was the courage of the Curzolani who for several days resisted this siege, and repelled the attacks. They struck down arrows and made a large number of aggressors fall under the walls.

To confuse the enemy, Count Viario envisaged the plan to have the bells ring suddenly. The Aragonese bewildered by the city bells ringing and of the near danger, left under the walls of the city more than 500 men and a large amount of war equipment. They retreated and fled on the high seas. This victory occurred on the 24th of August,the feast day of'' St. Bartholomew''. A commemorative procession was devoted in thanksgiving that is customary in all parishes of the island on this all day feast. The prince and Senate of the Veneto Region later so appreciated the victory that they erected a memorial.

{{quote|
''Giovanni Mocenigo duke of Venice for the sake of God, expresses his gratitude to the extraordinary soldiers of the Count and to the people of Korčula, our faithful ally.''<ref>[[Latin]] section:'' "Joannes Mocenigo Dei gratia Dux Venetiarum Sapientissimis, et Egregiis Viris Comiti, et Populo Curzolensi fidelibus Nostris clarissimi salutem, et gratiam Nostram."''</ref>}}

== See also==
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Defence of Korcula]]
* [[Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

== Editor's Notes ==
[[File:Lumbardian decree - PSEFIZAM.jpg|thumb|left|180px| The Lumbarda Psephisma]]
'''Note A'''. Nikola Ostojic wrote: ''"Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post"''.

A Greek colony was founded on Korčula.<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists formed a small colony on the island in the 4th or 3rd century B.C.
Lumbarda Psephisma is a stone inscription which documented the event and was found on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, (a small village on east end of Korčula) where it was discovered in '''1877''' by Bozo Krsinic (Ostojic wrote his book in 1858). The Greeks established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz.

Quote from the Lumbarda Psephisma:
{{quote|
''Best of luck. During the time of hieromnamon Praxidam in the month of Machaneus a contract was made to establish a colony between the people of Issa (Vis) and Pil and his son Daz. Colony founders agreed upon and the people decided: those who where the first to occupy the land and built a wall around the city would get a special land to build houses within the fortified city, especially with a part, and of the land which was outside the city, so that those first people separately obtain the first lot of three plethrons separated from the land, and from the other parts, to write down (what lot and what part) each of them obtained, and in permanent ownership they (and their descendants) get one and a half plethrons each; subsequent colonists are to get from undistributed land in the field four and a half plethrons; the authorities swear never to divide the city or land again; if someone of the authority proposes something or someone agrees against this (Psephism), let he or she be dishonoured, and his or her property should become public property; the person who kills him or her is not to be punished……… This land was obtained and the city walls built by: Dymanes, Hylleis & Pamphylois.'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74289&lang=en Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia:] Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC by Miljenko Solaric & Nikola Solaic (University of Zagreb). </ref>}}
'''Note B'''. Nikola Ostojic wrote:''"Defeated and confederated by the Narantani from 642 to 999."''

The date stated by Ostojic of Korčula's being confederated by the Narantani ''or'' Narentines has to be questioned. To this editor's knowledge there are no existing primary historical sources that actually described the event of Croatian Slavs invading and settling the island of Korcula in the middle ages. Also there are no contemporary written records about the invasion/migration about the events as a whole and from the area itself.

The Narentines Slavs, which are referred today mainly as ''Neretvani'', were a nation of pirates. Also known as ''Arentanoi.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OJPfAAAAMAAJ&q=arentanoi&dq=arentanoi&hl=en&ei=bMt2TYb7J4ugvQODuaGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA The Age of the Dromon:] The Byzantine Navy ca. 500-1204 by John H. Pryor & Elizabeth Jeffreys (p67)</ref> Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the invasion and settlement of the Slavic tribes in the Roman Dalmatia region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).
* Danijel Dzino states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are questionable. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs and Avars invading the region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines and was written in the 6th century in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in [[Latin]] it was written ''Sclaveni''. According to Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a later stage. Thus began the ''construct identity'' of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups.
</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particularly the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) seems to confirm this. The arrival and the '''main''' ''settlement'' of the Slavs by some has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century (not seventh century).<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and Sokol.</ref><ref>Note: The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia.</ref>

The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek. Slavic tribes invaded the region of Roman Dalmatia in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a Roman Latin-Illyrian population.

==Encyclopaedia Britannica's (publ. 1911) ==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|265px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
Article on Korčula from 1911:
{{quote|
''Curzola, the capital and principal port, is a fortified town on the east coast, and occupies a rocky foreland almost surrounded by the sea. Besides the interesting church (formerly a cathedral), dating from the 12th or 13th century, the loggia or council chambers, and the palace of its former Venetian governors, it possesses the noble mansion of the Arnieri, and other specimens of the domestic architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries, together with the massive walls and towers, erected in 1420, and the 15th-century Franciscan monastery, with its beautiful Venetian Gothic cloister.''

''The main resources of the islanders are boat-building (for which they are celebrated throughout the Adriatic), fishing and seafaring, the cultivation of the vine, corn and olives, and breeding of mules. In 1571 it defended itself so gallantly against the Turks that it obtained the designation fidelissima. From 1776 to 1797 it succeeded Lesina as the main Venetian arsenal in this region. During the Napoleonic wars it was ruled successively by Russians, French and British, ultimately passing to [[Austria]] in 1815.'' <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref>}}

==Notes and References==

[[File:Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
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==External Links==
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.mediterano.hr/location.asp?id=6 Vela Luka-Mediterano]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarda_Psephisma Wikipedia: Lumbarda Psephisma]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]

[[Category:History]]
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[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatia]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=History]]
</div>
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Directory:Korcula History

2024-12-06T08:10:16Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */ update

{{DISPLAYTITLE:History of Korcula - Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula}}
* Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula by '''Nikola Ostojic'''.<ref>Nikola Ostojic is from the town of Blato which is situated on the island of Korcula.</ref>
Printing Company of G. Woditzka - Zadar (Zara) 1858. (Originally written in [[Italy|Italian]].)

Below is a small section of the book.
</div>
[[File:N Ostojic.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Nikola Ostojic (1803-1869) author of Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula (''"Compendio Storico dell Isola di Curzola"'').]]

[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Town of Korcula]]
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]

== Chapter One - Origin and Events ==
Some fathers of history, based on Diti, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gDMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Ancient+Greek+historian+Ditte+Crete&hl=en&ei=uMiiTd7vLImcvgO53MGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false A Classified Catalogue of the Malta Garrison Library] by Malta Garrison Library (p64)
* Ditte di Creta, e Darete Frigio. Delia Guerra Trojana. (Collana Greca. class. 12.)

"Of these two Histories of the Trojan War, by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius, the first, given in the name of a supposed very ancient Historian of Crete, is a spurious narrative, forged at Rome in the Time of Nero 60 Ad; the second is, also, a forged history, supposed to be written by Septimus Romanus 370 Ad."</ref> contemporary Cretan of the war of Troy, wish that Antenore as the first to land on the island and build a city. Because of the dark appearance of its woods called it '''Corcira Melaena''' .<ref>[[Latin]]: Corcyra Nigra - ''Black Corcyra''. Italian-Curzola, Greek-Corcyra Melaina. The original Greek island name is Kórkyra (Κέρκυρα), ''" dark appearance of its woods"'' referencing to the Greek island. In English ''the Greek'' island is called Cofu</ref><ref>'''Korcula''' is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the ''Dubrovnik-Neretva County'' of [[Croatia]]. The island lies just off the Dalmatian coast.</ref><ref>[http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/c2/curzola.html Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)]</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.</ref> Other followers of his position claim that they were not exiles of Ilius, but fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditte (work of Cav) <ref>Cavaliere = Knight (honorary title)/'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> Compagnoni, <ref>Dalmatia, literary sheet, 1st January 1846; No. 1/Ostojic's original historical source from 1858.</ref> stated that Antenore remained in [[Greece]], but the said Aeneas, was the likely leader of the colony and founder of the ''City of Curzola'', [Editors note: Korcula's old name was Curzola. In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''".<ref>The Old-Slavic term for Korcula was '''Krkar'''.</ref>] This theory was competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian and other contemporaries.

The truth of this claim, considering the mythological chronology of the grammatical ''Alexandrian Heratostene'', would oblige us to go back to approximately 1184 BC, at the time in which according to the Bible, Gideon judged Israel: 126 years prior to David coming to the throne. But the historian, more traditional than anything else, cannot rely on these vague claims. Yet least of all when facing criticism. ''Ditte'' and ''Darete'' did not know how to support their historical theory. Whether Antenore or Aeneas was the leader, or Gnidi or the Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities arouses a belief that Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post. Even though during this period there are inferences which are not at all unfounded, none are of a particular positive nature.

The mystery clears then when the '''Illyrians''' become powerful lords of the Adriatic. Their king Agron, asserting his authority on the other neighbouring islands also occupied Korčula, in 230 B.C.<ref>In the original book the date was 250B.C. Latest historic research states 230 B.C. to be more accurate (Illyricum & Roman Politics 229 BC-AD 68 by
Danijel Dzino)</ref> On his death regaining its independence, the widow queen '''Teuta''' <ref>'''Queen Teuta''' (Ancient Greek: Τεύτα) was an Illyrian queen of the Ardiaei tribe who reigned approximately from 229 BC to 227 BC.</ref> took control of it again until Demetrius Fario, appointed as its prefect, surrendered it to the '''Romans''' together with Lesina [Editors note-modern: Hvar] his homeland. Whether Agron and Teuta had forcefully occupied the island with the use of arms, cannot be affirmed. The Alexandrian Appiano says no more than: ''"and once (they) conquered the island of Pharum [Editors: Pharum note-modern Hvar]"'' <ref>[[Latin]] section: ''"Pharumque bello captum"''</ref>; which makes us think it occurred due to combined dedication. Only in the times of Caesar, Octavian Augustus (35 B.C.) does the name in the history of human events appear clear. It is known now for the first time, that the Curzolani [Editors note: inhabitants of Korčula] tried to seal their reacquired freedom with their own blood. They resisted with anguished courage to the arms of the Triumvir who had come in person to conquer it. The punishment was equal to the resistance. The Alexandrian Appiano tells us of the severity of the punishment and the cause of the war: {{quote|
''After a fierce war, Divus Augustus defeated the inhabitants of Melite <ref>Melite is the island of Mljet. '''Mljet''' is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the ''Dubrovnik-Neretva County'' of '''Croatia.'''</ref> and Corcyra <ref>Corcyra is the island of Korčula</ref> who, at that time, were running out of supplies; the reason for the war was that these islanders had resorted to piracy and used to infest the sea with their fleet. All the adults were killed at once, while the remaining people were sold as slaves '' <ref>Latin section:'' "Divus Augustus deficientes Melitenses et Corcyrenses qui Insulas incolunt; ingenti belli mole superavit, quoniam maria classe praedebatur. Puberes ad unum caesi cetera multitudo sub corona venit"''</ref>}} But if Octavian in the repression caused it to be damaged, he didn’t consider it unworthy of his attention for its benefit; sending Roman colonists to it to direct it for better understanding and regulated habits, paving the way to a much greater cultivation and lessening the original coarseness. If the gravestones which are being unearthed among the ruins scattered across the island bear witness to the existence of the Roman colonies, they explain their purpose.
[[File:Curzola of old.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Town of Korcula (Curzola-1708)]]
Korčula, from its origins to the present time, has been in existence for 3,038 years, and history classifies its political life in the following phases:
*Free with her own independence until the occupation by Agron, and then for very short intervals by Teuta, by the Romans until Octaviano Augustus; and then at the time of the Veneti <ref> People from the Veneto Region/'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> from 1180 to 1252, from 1254 to 1258, and from 1418 to 1420, on the whole.
*Subject to the Roman Emperors first from the west, then from the east, by Augustus to Heraclius until 642.
*Defeated and confederated by the Narantani [Editors note: Narentines or Neretva Slavic pirates] from 642 to 999.
*Conquered by the Veneti under the management of the doge '''Pietro II Orseolo''' from 999 to 1100.
*Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
*Recaptured by Popone Zorzi, from the Veneto Region, and by the Republic subjected to this house from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
*Possessed on behalf of the king of [[Hungary]] from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
*Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420, and held by it with exemption from any tax until 1797.
*Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.
*Taken and held by the Russians in 1808
*Taken from the French by the [[England|English]] and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.
*Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to the present 1858.

==Chapter Two - Battles Sustained on the Island of Korcula==

Protected by the Roman eagles, Korčula enjoyed peace and was well-off. Nor due to the change of events did she try to claim freedom; and as at first was faithful to Rome when the Empire divided she was ruled by Constantinople. But with the Caesar's loss of power the days of pain were nearing.

From a very old report discovered recently, that we don’t consider apocryphal, is noted how frightening the invasion of the Narentines was for the island, and as to a certain king ''who, escaping the persecution of Narentines' fleet, built a fortress in Siralievaz'', <ref>Latin sections: ''"qui fugiens a persecution galearum Narentinorum construxit arcem in Siralievax"''</ref> in which with one hundred of his followers he had stationed himself, succeeded to gather the surrounding defence to himself. This king would have built other fortresses there: Maxima Autem, says the report, {{quote|
''but the biggest fortress was the one erected in a place that locals call Bradat, close to the dwelling of a good man, a saint whose name is Saint Visko'' <ref>Latin section:''"arx fuit in domorio incolum quem locum appellant Bradat apud domum unius hominis probi, et sacnti quem incolae dicunt Sveti Visko"''</ref>}} He had the inhabitants of Korčula equip six prisons at his own expense, and thus also erect three shelters. Of all this there are obvious ruins to date. {{quote|
''(the king) erected three shelters in the harbour facing the northern side of the mountain called Gradina, where our merciful king's fleet used to be stationed... Not so far from the inner sea of the Island, there is a place favourable for fighting against the powerful Narentines pirates, who were a huge nuisance.'' <ref>Latin section: ''"in portu ad septentrionem montis sic dicti Gradinae ubi sistebant naves nostril regis clementissimi.....non longe maris interni Insulae aptus locus est ad debellandos piratas fortes Narentinos molestos valde"''</ref>}}

Despite the relentless defence bravely sustained by the inhabitants, most from the Mattani in the fortress of Siralievaz, every effort was useless, the king was compelled to flee from the island; in fact he was almost taken by the Narentines in the sortie made from the western promontory, if he had not been freed on the part of the islanders. The reporter gives his name as '''Ristle''' and declares himself minister of the king, after his death which occurred elsewhere with royal brother Ottoniero, states that he returned to the island, where he had a sister desponsata Patron Spaho: {{quote|
''(the minister says: I had) a sister married to patron Spaho, lord of the beautiful land of Sitnizza, where he used to pitch his tent and hunt birds.... and I found that Narentines plundered many things. My strength abandoned me when I saw the fleet and the fields... We cannot move any further without incurring in our strong enemies. [Editors notes: patron Spaho is someone who has undertaken to protect the interests of a community]'' <ref>Latin section: ''".... domino domorij Sitinitiani (Sitnizza) pulcherimi agri in quo habebat tentorio et capiebat aves ... et inveni, continues, Narentinos depopulasse multa. Omnes mee vires sestebant in conspectioneagrorum atque navium ... nos non possumus prodire nullibi, nisi in fortes hostes incurramus."''</ref>}} There was hard aggression committed to both towns of which the ruins can still be seen in ''Bradat'' and ''Potirna''.<ref>'''Potirna''' is a village on the west end of the island of Korcula in Croatia.</ref> They were inhabited also by Roman families, as the gravestones and many other ancient pieces unearthed not so long ago bear witness.

A battle took place on the island around the year 829. Banished from the throne (the Curzolani) and from the State and ''Obeleiro'' and ''Beato Antenonj'', or Antonaj, doges, one after the other of Venice. The Curzolani, already confederated of the Narentines, acknowledged friendship and partisan feelings. The doge Zuanne Partecipazio, being informed of these schemes, at the head of a strong army descended upon Korčula, which despite powerful resistance, saw many of his own killed and the prisoners hanged. The ex doge Beato Antenonio had his head cut off. ''['''Editors''' note: Some sources state that Giovanni ''or Zuanne'' Participazio, killed Obelerio degli Antenori in Malamocco, near Venice. His severed head then was displayed to the people ''or'' that he died in Zadar. Another source states that he was buried with pomp in the Church of San Teodoro]'' <ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030932812/cu31924030932812_djvu.txt "The doges of Venice"] Chapte Two: Wooers of The Adiatic A.D. 809 to 960 </ref>

A source from the Veneto Region stated that as a result of this fact Korčula and Veglia, where even the Antenonj had partisans, remained subject to those of the Veneto Region. This occurred for a brief period with regard to Korčula, the resulting reunion being tough between her and the Narentines, however the alliance lasted a short time. There is on the island a sunny valley called Dughipod, neighbouring the inundating field known Blatta [Editors note-modern: Blato], in which one could see various large masses of rocks, and among these the largest and widest, and the only one on the island, called ''Ducelova gomilla''. From the previous matter and from the places, which embrace vast plains suited for manoeuvring an army in battle, it is probable that a battle occurred there and that under that impressive mass of rocks was buried the beheaded doge ''Beato Antenonio'', and therefore to that the Slavic name of ''Ducelova gomilla'', namely the doge’s partition wall.

The fourth battle was with the doge of the Veneto Region '''Pietro II Orseolo''' in 999, from which, having defeated the Narentines, their ally Korčula, was also conquered. Some historians note that the Curzolani, determined to oppose the advances of the doge, urged the Ragusani [Editors note-modern:Dubrovnik] and the Lesignani [Editors note-modern: Hvar] to form an alliance, but pre-empted by the sudden appearance of a large army in the ''Korčula Channel'', which fruitlessly awaited on the nearby reef of S. Massimo.<ref>also known as abbr. aka; (ref. plant, animal) common name./'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> Vulgo Massan, opted for negotiations for surrender, due to the fact that Korčula was forced to withstand alone. Of this fact '''Andrea Dandolo''' <ref>'''Andrea Dandolo''' (1306 – September 7, 1354) was elected the 54th doge of Venice in 1343, replacing Bartolomeo Gradenigo who died in late 1342.</ref> writes: {{quote|
''Since Korčula's inhabitants refused to obey Orseolo's orders, he gathered a strong armed force and subdued them.''<ref>Latin section: ''"Curzolae habitatores suis (of Orseolo) recusants parere jussionibus, valida manu acquisivit suaeque potestati subjugavit."''</ref>}} The learned Marco Casotti with Lucio claim that the alliance of Korčula with the Narentines worked to even make Venice their inland revenue, after the death of its doge ''Pietro Candiano'' in the battle of Pontamica, and that those of the Veneto Region were now avenging themselves of this by dismantling Korčula from the foundations.

The reports tell that the Venitians were distracted in the Holy Land undertaking and allowed the Genoese, in the year 1100, to occupy the island of Korčula and to keep it subjugated for some time. This subjection will not be followed with a fight, as the Curzolani with far greater powers fought to support their freedom, nor without shedding of blood would they be subjected.
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
===Miroslav, Nemanja and Costantino===
Miroslav, Stefan Nemanja <ref>Stefan Nemanja (c. 1114 – 13 February 1199) was a 12th-century Serb royalty, heir to the Vukanović dynasty and Grand Prince of medieval Raška from 1166 to 1196. Nemanja was from Ribnica in Zeta, present day Podgorica which is the capital of Montenegro.</ref> and Costantino, counts of Chelmo,<ref>Nobles of '''Raška''' who ruled Chelmo (Zahumlje). Raška was a medieval principality created by Serbian Slavs (Costantino is referred to as Stracimir).</ref> broadened with significant conquests the fatherly encroachers and possessed the territories of Narenta, Macarsca [Editors note-modern: Makarska] and Stagno [Editors note-modern: Ston]. The counts wanted to conquer Ragusa and to the detriment of Catholicism they also wanted to conquer nearby Korčula.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA8&dq=Miroslav+korcula&hl=en&ei=5lisTY7YI4yYvAO7raX_CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Miroslav%20korcula&f=false The Late Medieval Balkans:] A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century by John Van Antwerp Fine (p8)</ref> Therefore Constantine with a strong army, which amounted to some twenty thousand men, in 1181 landed in a faraway part of the city of Ragusa and began also to terrorise the island with fire and steel. But the Curzolani, ''gathering together '',<ref>Latin section: ''"cum se in unum conglobassent"''</ref> as '''Farlati''' <ref>'''Daniele Farlati''' (22 February 1690 – 25 April 1773) was an ecclesiastical historian. Farlati was born in San Daniele del Friuli in present day [[Italy]].</ref> writes, took up the pursuit of their enemies, of which they killed many. Others were taken as prisoners, among which the said Constantino, who to obtain his freedom was compelled, together with his brothers, under oath to promise never again to make an attempt to take any step towards the independence of the Curzolani. With this resounding victory they honourably regained their freedom and preserved/protected the professed Catholic religion.

===Zorzi House===
By the end of the year 1129 Korčula was subjected to the Zorzi House [Editors note: Republic of Venice] but due to various events regained it's independence. In 1252 Marsilio Zorzi succeeded in re-conquering it for Venice. The Curzolani suffered badly under his tyranny and after two years of his control dismissed him. Ruggero Zorzi a few years later with the help of Venice and Ragusa, amassed a strong arm of forces and arrived below the city calling on it to surrender. Not taking any notice of these threats, the Curzolani resolutely rejected the attack and tested the enemy inflecting lots of damage. They seized the banner from the invaders. The wounded Ruggero was obliged to give up and take cover within the island. A number of the inhabitants, allured by promises, acted as a support for him in order that he could return to the offensive against the city. After a strong crushing battle, Ruggero sacked and demolished the town. He placed Count Marsilio back in command. Merciful towards the defeated, the walls he rebuilt were more beautiful than before.

===Giorgio Viario===
[[File:Curzola ship8.jpg|thumb|right|355px| Town of Korcula (Curzola)]]
[[File:Ostojic's page 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ostojic's page from the '''1878''' issue of his book.]]

In the year 1483 ''Federico of Aragon'', son of Ferdinand king of Naples, was at war with the Venetians.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/canonpietrocaso00casogoog/canonpietrocaso00casogoog_djvu.txt Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494 by Pietro Casola - www.archive.org] (Note 58 on p377)</ref> With Lissa [Editors note-modern: Vis] being destroyed and conquered a large army landed their troops with the aim of conquering Korčula. '''Giorgio Viario''' then ruled the island with the title of count for the republic of the Veneto region. He was a fearless and courageous man who had the city well armed. He positioned the few island fighters in appropriate sites and resolutely defended the town of Korčula. With the aid of these allies he repelled repeated assaults and destroyed the catapults thus turning the tide of the battle in favour of the defenders. His followers also fended off attacks by the other military artilleries employed by the Aragonese to demolish the walls and enter the city. Such was the courage of the Curzolani who for several days resisted this siege, and repelled the attacks. They struck down arrows and made a large number of aggressors fall under the walls.

To confuse the enemy, Count Viario envisaged the plan to have the bells ring suddenly. The Aragonese bewildered by the city bells ringing and of the near danger, left under the walls of the city more than 500 men and a large amount of war equipment. They retreated and fled on the high seas. This victory occurred on the 24th of August,the feast day of'' St. Bartholomew''. A commemorative procession was devoted in thanksgiving that is customary in all parishes of the island on this all day feast. The prince and Senate of the Veneto Region later so appreciated the victory that they erected a memorial.

{{quote|
''Giovanni Mocenigo duke of Venice for the sake of God, expresses his gratitude to the extraordinary soldiers of the Count and to the people of Korčula, our faithful ally.''<ref>[[Latin]] section:'' "Joannes Mocenigo Dei gratia Dux Venetiarum Sapientissimis, et Egregiis Viris Comiti, et Populo Curzolensi fidelibus Nostris clarissimi salutem, et gratiam Nostram."''</ref>}}

== See also==
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Defence of Korcula]]
* [[Korcula Dialect]]
* * [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

== Editor's Notes ==
[[File:Lumbardian decree - PSEFIZAM.jpg|thumb|left|180px| The Lumbarda Psephisma]]
'''Note A'''. Nikola Ostojic wrote: ''"Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post"''.

A Greek colony was founded on Korčula.<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists formed a small colony on the island in the 4th or 3rd century B.C.
Lumbarda Psephisma is a stone inscription which documented the event and was found on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, (a small village on east end of Korčula) where it was discovered in '''1877''' by Bozo Krsinic (Ostojic wrote his book in 1858). The Greeks established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz.

Quote from the Lumbarda Psephisma:
{{quote|
''Best of luck. During the time of hieromnamon Praxidam in the month of Machaneus a contract was made to establish a colony between the people of Issa (Vis) and Pil and his son Daz. Colony founders agreed upon and the people decided: those who where the first to occupy the land and built a wall around the city would get a special land to build houses within the fortified city, especially with a part, and of the land which was outside the city, so that those first people separately obtain the first lot of three plethrons separated from the land, and from the other parts, to write down (what lot and what part) each of them obtained, and in permanent ownership they (and their descendants) get one and a half plethrons each; subsequent colonists are to get from undistributed land in the field four and a half plethrons; the authorities swear never to divide the city or land again; if someone of the authority proposes something or someone agrees against this (Psephism), let he or she be dishonoured, and his or her property should become public property; the person who kills him or her is not to be punished……… This land was obtained and the city walls built by: Dymanes, Hylleis & Pamphylois.'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74289&lang=en Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia:] Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC by Miljenko Solaric & Nikola Solaic (University of Zagreb). </ref>}}
'''Note B'''. Nikola Ostojic wrote:''"Defeated and confederated by the Narantani from 642 to 999."''

The date stated by Ostojic of Korčula's being confederated by the Narantani ''or'' Narentines has to be questioned. To this editor's knowledge there are no existing primary historical sources that actually described the event of Croatian Slavs invading and settling the island of Korcula in the middle ages. Also there are no contemporary written records about the invasion/migration about the events as a whole and from the area itself.

The Narentines Slavs, which are referred today mainly as ''Neretvani'', were a nation of pirates. Also known as ''Arentanoi.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OJPfAAAAMAAJ&q=arentanoi&dq=arentanoi&hl=en&ei=bMt2TYb7J4ugvQODuaGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA The Age of the Dromon:] The Byzantine Navy ca. 500-1204 by John H. Pryor & Elizabeth Jeffreys (p67)</ref> Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the invasion and settlement of the Slavic tribes in the Roman Dalmatia region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).
* Danijel Dzino states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are questionable. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs and Avars invading the region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines and was written in the 6th century in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in [[Latin]] it was written ''Sclaveni''. According to Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a later stage. Thus began the ''construct identity'' of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups.
</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particularly the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) seems to confirm this. The arrival and the '''main''' ''settlement'' of the Slavs by some has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century (not seventh century).<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and Sokol.</ref><ref>Note: The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia.</ref>

The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek. Slavic tribes invaded the region of Roman Dalmatia in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a Roman Latin-Illyrian population.

==Encyclopaedia Britannica's (publ. 1911) ==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|265px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
Article on Korčula from 1911:
{{quote|
''Curzola, the capital and principal port, is a fortified town on the east coast, and occupies a rocky foreland almost surrounded by the sea. Besides the interesting church (formerly a cathedral), dating from the 12th or 13th century, the loggia or council chambers, and the palace of its former Venetian governors, it possesses the noble mansion of the Arnieri, and other specimens of the domestic architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries, together with the massive walls and towers, erected in 1420, and the 15th-century Franciscan monastery, with its beautiful Venetian Gothic cloister.''

''The main resources of the islanders are boat-building (for which they are celebrated throughout the Adriatic), fishing and seafaring, the cultivation of the vine, corn and olives, and breeding of mules. In 1571 it defended itself so gallantly against the Turks that it obtained the designation fidelissima. From 1776 to 1797 it succeeded Lesina as the main Venetian arsenal in this region. During the Napoleonic wars it was ruled successively by Russians, French and British, ultimately passing to [[Austria]] in 1815.'' <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref>}}

==Notes and References==

[[File:Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

==External Links==
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.mediterano.hr/location.asp?id=6 Vela Luka-Mediterano]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarda_Psephisma Wikipedia: Lumbarda Psephisma]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]

[[Category:History]]
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<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatia]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=History]]
</div>
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Directory:Korcula History

2024-12-06T08:08:22Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:History of Korcula - Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula}}
* Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula by '''Nikola Ostojic'''.<ref>Nikola Ostojic is from the town of Blato which is situated on the island of Korcula.</ref>
Printing Company of G. Woditzka - Zadar (Zara) 1858. (Originally written in [[Italy|Italian]].)

Below is a small section of the book.
</div>
[[File:N Ostojic.jpg|thumb|left|235px|Nikola Ostojic (1803-1869) author of Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula (''"Compendio Storico dell Isola di Curzola"'').]]

[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Town of Korcula]]
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]

== Chapter One - Origin and Events ==
Some fathers of history, based on Diti, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gDMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64&dq=Ancient+Greek+historian+Ditte+Crete&hl=en&ei=uMiiTd7vLImcvgO53MGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-preview-link&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQuwUwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false A Classified Catalogue of the Malta Garrison Library] by Malta Garrison Library (p64)
* Ditte di Creta, e Darete Frigio. Delia Guerra Trojana. (Collana Greca. class. 12.)

"Of these two Histories of the Trojan War, by Dictys Cretensis and Dares Phrygius, the first, given in the name of a supposed very ancient Historian of Crete, is a spurious narrative, forged at Rome in the Time of Nero 60 Ad; the second is, also, a forged history, supposed to be written by Septimus Romanus 370 Ad."</ref> contemporary Cretan of the war of Troy, wish that Antenore as the first to land on the island and build a city. Because of the dark appearance of its woods called it '''Corcira Melaena''' .<ref>[[Latin]]: Corcyra Nigra - ''Black Corcyra''. Italian-Curzola, Greek-Corcyra Melaina. The original Greek island name is Kórkyra (Κέρκυρα), ''" dark appearance of its woods"'' referencing to the Greek island. In English ''the Greek'' island is called Cofu</ref><ref>'''Korcula''' is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the ''Dubrovnik-Neretva County'' of [[Croatia]]. The island lies just off the Dalmatian coast.</ref><ref>[http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/c2/curzola.html Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)]</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011.</ref> Other followers of his position claim that they were not exiles of Ilius, but fugitives of Gnido. In turn the vernacularisation of Ditte (work of Cav) <ref>Cavaliere = Knight (honorary title)/'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> Compagnoni, <ref>Dalmatia, literary sheet, 1st January 1846; No. 1/Ostojic's original historical source from 1858.</ref> stated that Antenore remained in [[Greece]], but the said Aeneas, was the likely leader of the colony and founder of the ''City of Curzola'', [Editors note: Korcula's old name was Curzola. In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''".<ref>The Old-Slavic term for Korcula was '''Krkar'''.</ref>] This theory was competing with the opinion of Darete, Phrygian and other contemporaries.

The truth of this claim, considering the mythological chronology of the grammatical ''Alexandrian Heratostene'', would oblige us to go back to approximately 1184 BC, at the time in which according to the Bible, Gideon judged Israel: 126 years prior to David coming to the throne. But the historian, more traditional than anything else, cannot rely on these vague claims. Yet least of all when facing criticism. ''Ditte'' and ''Darete'' did not know how to support their historical theory. Whether Antenore or Aeneas was the leader, or Gnidi or the Trojans the colonists, the study of local antiquities arouses a belief that Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post. Even though during this period there are inferences which are not at all unfounded, none are of a particular positive nature.

The mystery clears then when the '''Illyrians''' become powerful lords of the Adriatic. Their king Agron, asserting his authority on the other neighbouring islands also occupied Korčula, in 230 B.C.<ref>In the original book the date was 250B.C. Latest historic research states 230 B.C. to be more accurate (Illyricum & Roman Politics 229 BC-AD 68 by
Danijel Dzino)</ref> On his death regaining its independence, the widow queen '''Teuta''' <ref>'''Queen Teuta''' (Ancient Greek: Τεύτα) was an Illyrian queen of the Ardiaei tribe who reigned approximately from 229 BC to 227 BC.</ref> took control of it again until Demetrius Fario, appointed as its prefect, surrendered it to the '''Romans''' together with Lesina [Editors note-modern: Hvar] his homeland. Whether Agron and Teuta had forcefully occupied the island with the use of arms, cannot be affirmed. The Alexandrian Appiano says no more than: ''"and once (they) conquered the island of Pharum [Editors: Pharum note-modern Hvar]"'' <ref>[[Latin]] section: ''"Pharumque bello captum"''</ref>; which makes us think it occurred due to combined dedication. Only in the times of Caesar, Octavian Augustus (35 B.C.) does the name in the history of human events appear clear. It is known now for the first time, that the Curzolani [Editors note: inhabitants of Korčula] tried to seal their reacquired freedom with their own blood. They resisted with anguished courage to the arms of the Triumvir who had come in person to conquer it. The punishment was equal to the resistance. The Alexandrian Appiano tells us of the severity of the punishment and the cause of the war: {{quote|
''After a fierce war, Divus Augustus defeated the inhabitants of Melite <ref>Melite is the island of Mljet. '''Mljet''' is an island in the Adriatic Sea, in the ''Dubrovnik-Neretva County'' of '''Croatia.'''</ref> and Corcyra <ref>Corcyra is the island of Korčula</ref> who, at that time, were running out of supplies; the reason for the war was that these islanders had resorted to piracy and used to infest the sea with their fleet. All the adults were killed at once, while the remaining people were sold as slaves '' <ref>Latin section:'' "Divus Augustus deficientes Melitenses et Corcyrenses qui Insulas incolunt; ingenti belli mole superavit, quoniam maria classe praedebatur. Puberes ad unum caesi cetera multitudo sub corona venit"''</ref>}} But if Octavian in the repression caused it to be damaged, he didn’t consider it unworthy of his attention for its benefit; sending Roman colonists to it to direct it for better understanding and regulated habits, paving the way to a much greater cultivation and lessening the original coarseness. If the gravestones which are being unearthed among the ruins scattered across the island bear witness to the existence of the Roman colonies, they explain their purpose.
[[File:Curzola of old.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Town of Korcula (Curzola-1708)]]
Korčula, from its origins to the present time, has been in existence for 3,038 years, and history classifies its political life in the following phases:
*Free with her own independence until the occupation by Agron, and then for very short intervals by Teuta, by the Romans until Octaviano Augustus; and then at the time of the Veneti <ref> People from the Veneto Region/'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> from 1180 to 1252, from 1254 to 1258, and from 1418 to 1420, on the whole.
*Subject to the Roman Emperors first from the west, then from the east, by Augustus to Heraclius until 642.
*Defeated and confederated by the Narantani [Editors note: Narentines or Neretva Slavic pirates] from 642 to 999.
*Conquered by the Veneti under the management of the doge '''Pietro II Orseolo''' from 999 to 1100.
*Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
*Recaptured by Popone Zorzi, from the Veneto Region, and by the Republic subjected to this house from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
*Possessed on behalf of the king of [[Hungary]] from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
*Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420, and held by it with exemption from any tax until 1797.
*Surrendered with the Veneto State to Napoleon I of [[France]], and united with the Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1807, and later from 1808 to 1813 annexed with Dalmatian to the Illyrian provinces.
*Taken and held by the Russians in 1808
*Taken from the French by the [[England|English]] and guarded for themselves from 1813 to 1815.
*Occupied by [[Austria]], first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by Vienna Treaty from 1815 to the present 1858.

==Chapter Two - Battles Sustained on the Island of Korcula==

Protected by the Roman eagles, Korčula enjoyed peace and was well-off. Nor due to the change of events did she try to claim freedom; and as at first was faithful to Rome when the Empire divided she was ruled by Constantinople. But with the Caesar's loss of power the days of pain were nearing.

From a very old report discovered recently, that we don’t consider apocryphal, is noted how frightening the invasion of the Narentines was for the island, and as to a certain king ''who, escaping the persecution of Narentines' fleet, built a fortress in Siralievaz'', <ref>Latin sections: ''"qui fugiens a persecution galearum Narentinorum construxit arcem in Siralievax"''</ref> in which with one hundred of his followers he had stationed himself, succeeded to gather the surrounding defence to himself. This king would have built other fortresses there: Maxima Autem, says the report, {{quote|
''but the biggest fortress was the one erected in a place that locals call Bradat, close to the dwelling of a good man, a saint whose name is Saint Visko'' <ref>Latin section:''"arx fuit in domorio incolum quem locum appellant Bradat apud domum unius hominis probi, et sacnti quem incolae dicunt Sveti Visko"''</ref>}} He had the inhabitants of Korčula equip six prisons at his own expense, and thus also erect three shelters. Of all this there are obvious ruins to date. {{quote|
''(the king) erected three shelters in the harbour facing the northern side of the mountain called Gradina, where our merciful king's fleet used to be stationed... Not so far from the inner sea of the Island, there is a place favourable for fighting against the powerful Narentines pirates, who were a huge nuisance.'' <ref>Latin section: ''"in portu ad septentrionem montis sic dicti Gradinae ubi sistebant naves nostril regis clementissimi.....non longe maris interni Insulae aptus locus est ad debellandos piratas fortes Narentinos molestos valde"''</ref>}}

Despite the relentless defence bravely sustained by the inhabitants, most from the Mattani in the fortress of Siralievaz, every effort was useless, the king was compelled to flee from the island; in fact he was almost taken by the Narentines in the sortie made from the western promontory, if he had not been freed on the part of the islanders. The reporter gives his name as '''Ristle''' and declares himself minister of the king, after his death which occurred elsewhere with royal brother Ottoniero, states that he returned to the island, where he had a sister desponsata Patron Spaho: {{quote|
''(the minister says: I had) a sister married to patron Spaho, lord of the beautiful land of Sitnizza, where he used to pitch his tent and hunt birds.... and I found that Narentines plundered many things. My strength abandoned me when I saw the fleet and the fields... We cannot move any further without incurring in our strong enemies. [Editors notes: patron Spaho is someone who has undertaken to protect the interests of a community]'' <ref>Latin section: ''".... domino domorij Sitinitiani (Sitnizza) pulcherimi agri in quo habebat tentorio et capiebat aves ... et inveni, continues, Narentinos depopulasse multa. Omnes mee vires sestebant in conspectioneagrorum atque navium ... nos non possumus prodire nullibi, nisi in fortes hostes incurramus."''</ref>}} There was hard aggression committed to both towns of which the ruins can still be seen in ''Bradat'' and ''Potirna''.<ref>'''Potirna''' is a village on the west end of the island of Korcula in Croatia.</ref> They were inhabited also by Roman families, as the gravestones and many other ancient pieces unearthed not so long ago bear witness.

A battle took place on the island around the year 829. Banished from the throne (the Curzolani) and from the State and ''Obeleiro'' and ''Beato Antenonj'', or Antonaj, doges, one after the other of Venice. The Curzolani, already confederated of the Narentines, acknowledged friendship and partisan feelings. The doge Zuanne Partecipazio, being informed of these schemes, at the head of a strong army descended upon Korčula, which despite powerful resistance, saw many of his own killed and the prisoners hanged. The ex doge Beato Antenonio had his head cut off. ''['''Editors''' note: Some sources state that Giovanni ''or Zuanne'' Participazio, killed Obelerio degli Antenori in Malamocco, near Venice. His severed head then was displayed to the people ''or'' that he died in Zadar. Another source states that he was buried with pomp in the Church of San Teodoro]'' <ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030932812/cu31924030932812_djvu.txt "The doges of Venice"] Chapte Two: Wooers of The Adiatic A.D. 809 to 960 </ref>

A source from the Veneto Region stated that as a result of this fact Korčula and Veglia, where even the Antenonj had partisans, remained subject to those of the Veneto Region. This occurred for a brief period with regard to Korčula, the resulting reunion being tough between her and the Narentines, however the alliance lasted a short time. There is on the island a sunny valley called Dughipod, neighbouring the inundating field known Blatta [Editors note-modern: Blato], in which one could see various large masses of rocks, and among these the largest and widest, and the only one on the island, called ''Ducelova gomilla''. From the previous matter and from the places, which embrace vast plains suited for manoeuvring an army in battle, it is probable that a battle occurred there and that under that impressive mass of rocks was buried the beheaded doge ''Beato Antenonio'', and therefore to that the Slavic name of ''Ducelova gomilla'', namely the doge’s partition wall.

The fourth battle was with the doge of the Veneto Region '''Pietro II Orseolo''' in 999, from which, having defeated the Narentines, their ally Korčula, was also conquered. Some historians note that the Curzolani, determined to oppose the advances of the doge, urged the Ragusani [Editors note-modern:Dubrovnik] and the Lesignani [Editors note-modern: Hvar] to form an alliance, but pre-empted by the sudden appearance of a large army in the ''Korčula Channel'', which fruitlessly awaited on the nearby reef of S. Massimo.<ref>also known as abbr. aka; (ref. plant, animal) common name./'''Ostojic's''' original historical source from '''1858'''.</ref> Vulgo Massan, opted for negotiations for surrender, due to the fact that Korčula was forced to withstand alone. Of this fact '''Andrea Dandolo''' <ref>'''Andrea Dandolo''' (1306 – September 7, 1354) was elected the 54th doge of Venice in 1343, replacing Bartolomeo Gradenigo who died in late 1342.</ref> writes: {{quote|
''Since Korčula's inhabitants refused to obey Orseolo's orders, he gathered a strong armed force and subdued them.''<ref>Latin section: ''"Curzolae habitatores suis (of Orseolo) recusants parere jussionibus, valida manu acquisivit suaeque potestati subjugavit."''</ref>}} The learned Marco Casotti with Lucio claim that the alliance of Korčula with the Narentines worked to even make Venice their inland revenue, after the death of its doge ''Pietro Candiano'' in the battle of Pontamica, and that those of the Veneto Region were now avenging themselves of this by dismantling Korčula from the foundations.

The reports tell that the Venitians were distracted in the Holy Land undertaking and allowed the Genoese, in the year 1100, to occupy the island of Korčula and to keep it subjugated for some time. This subjection will not be followed with a fight, as the Curzolani with far greater powers fought to support their freedom, nor without shedding of blood would they be subjected.
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
===Miroslav, Nemanja and Costantino===
Miroslav, Stefan Nemanja <ref>Stefan Nemanja (c. 1114 – 13 February 1199) was a 12th-century Serb royalty, heir to the Vukanović dynasty and Grand Prince of medieval Raška from 1166 to 1196. Nemanja was from Ribnica in Zeta, present day Podgorica which is the capital of Montenegro.</ref> and Costantino, counts of Chelmo,<ref>Nobles of '''Raška''' who ruled Chelmo (Zahumlje). Raška was a medieval principality created by Serbian Slavs (Costantino is referred to as Stracimir).</ref> broadened with significant conquests the fatherly encroachers and possessed the territories of Narenta, Macarsca [Editors note-modern: Makarska] and Stagno [Editors note-modern: Ston]. The counts wanted to conquer Ragusa and to the detriment of Catholicism they also wanted to conquer nearby Korčula.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA8&dq=Miroslav+korcula&hl=en&ei=5lisTY7YI4yYvAO7raX_CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Miroslav%20korcula&f=false The Late Medieval Balkans:] A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century by John Van Antwerp Fine (p8)</ref> Therefore Constantine with a strong army, which amounted to some twenty thousand men, in 1181 landed in a faraway part of the city of Ragusa and began also to terrorise the island with fire and steel. But the Curzolani, ''gathering together '',<ref>Latin section: ''"cum se in unum conglobassent"''</ref> as '''Farlati''' <ref>'''Daniele Farlati''' (22 February 1690 – 25 April 1773) was an ecclesiastical historian. Farlati was born in San Daniele del Friuli in present day [[Italy]].</ref> writes, took up the pursuit of their enemies, of which they killed many. Others were taken as prisoners, among which the said Constantino, who to obtain his freedom was compelled, together with his brothers, under oath to promise never again to make an attempt to take any step towards the independence of the Curzolani. With this resounding victory they honourably regained their freedom and preserved/protected the professed Catholic religion.

===Zorzi House===
By the end of the year 1129 Korčula was subjected to the Zorzi House [Editors note: Republic of Venice] but due to various events regained it's independence. In 1252 Marsilio Zorzi succeeded in re-conquering it for Venice. The Curzolani suffered badly under his tyranny and after two years of his control dismissed him. Ruggero Zorzi a few years later with the help of Venice and Ragusa, amassed a strong arm of forces and arrived below the city calling on it to surrender. Not taking any notice of these threats, the Curzolani resolutely rejected the attack and tested the enemy inflecting lots of damage. They seized the banner from the invaders. The wounded Ruggero was obliged to give up and take cover within the island. A number of the inhabitants, allured by promises, acted as a support for him in order that he could return to the offensive against the city. After a strong crushing battle, Ruggero sacked and demolished the town. He placed Count Marsilio back in command. Merciful towards the defeated, the walls he rebuilt were more beautiful than before.

===Giorgio Viario===
[[File:Curzola ship8.jpg|thumb|right|355px| Town of Korcula (Curzola)]]
[[File:Ostojic's page 1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ostojic's page from the '''1878''' issue of his book.]]

In the year 1483 ''Federico of Aragon'', son of Ferdinand king of Naples, was at war with the Venetians.<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/canonpietrocaso00casogoog/canonpietrocaso00casogoog_djvu.txt Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494 by Pietro Casola - www.archive.org] (Note 58 on p377)</ref> With Lissa [Editors note-modern: Vis] being destroyed and conquered a large army landed their troops with the aim of conquering Korčula. '''Giorgio Viario''' then ruled the island with the title of count for the republic of the Veneto region. He was a fearless and courageous man who had the city well armed. He positioned the few island fighters in appropriate sites and resolutely defended the town of Korčula. With the aid of these allies he repelled repeated assaults and destroyed the catapults thus turning the tide of the battle in favour of the defenders. His followers also fended off attacks by the other military artilleries employed by the Aragonese to demolish the walls and enter the city. Such was the courage of the Curzolani who for several days resisted this siege, and repelled the attacks. They struck down arrows and made a large number of aggressors fall under the walls.

To confuse the enemy, Count Viario envisaged the plan to have the bells ring suddenly. The Aragonese bewildered by the city bells ringing and of the near danger, left under the walls of the city more than 500 men and a large amount of war equipment. They retreated and fled on the high seas. This victory occurred on the 24th of August,the feast day of'' St. Bartholomew''. A commemorative procession was devoted in thanksgiving that is customary in all parishes of the island on this all day feast. The prince and Senate of the Veneto Region later so appreciated the victory that they erected a memorial.

{{quote|
''Giovanni Mocenigo duke of Venice for the sake of God, expresses his gratitude to the extraordinary soldiers of the Count and to the people of Korčula, our faithful ally.''<ref>[[Latin]] section:'' "Joannes Mocenigo Dei gratia Dux Venetiarum Sapientissimis, et Egregiis Viris Comiti, et Populo Curzolensi fidelibus Nostris clarissimi salutem, et gratiam Nostram."''</ref>}}

== See also==
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Defence of Korcula]]
* [[Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak]]

== Editor's Notes ==
[[File:Lumbardian decree - PSEFIZAM.jpg|thumb|left|180px| The Lumbarda Psephisma]]
'''Note A'''. Nikola Ostojic wrote: ''"Korčula in ancient times was not some Greco-Phoenician post"''.

A Greek colony was founded on Korčula.<ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists formed a small colony on the island in the 4th or 3rd century B.C.
Lumbarda Psephisma is a stone inscription which documented the event and was found on the island of Korčula, in modern-day Croatia. The Psephisma is from Lumbarda, (a small village on east end of Korčula) where it was discovered in '''1877''' by Bozo Krsinic (Ostojic wrote his book in 1858). The Greeks established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz.

Quote from the Lumbarda Psephisma:
{{quote|
''Best of luck. During the time of hieromnamon Praxidam in the month of Machaneus a contract was made to establish a colony between the people of Issa (Vis) and Pil and his son Daz. Colony founders agreed upon and the people decided: those who where the first to occupy the land and built a wall around the city would get a special land to build houses within the fortified city, especially with a part, and of the land which was outside the city, so that those first people separately obtain the first lot of three plethrons separated from the land, and from the other parts, to write down (what lot and what part) each of them obtained, and in permanent ownership they (and their descendants) get one and a half plethrons each; subsequent colonists are to get from undistributed land in the field four and a half plethrons; the authorities swear never to divide the city or land again; if someone of the authority proposes something or someone agrees against this (Psephism), let he or she be dishonoured, and his or her property should become public property; the person who kills him or her is not to be punished……… This land was obtained and the city walls built by: Dymanes, Hylleis & Pamphylois.'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74289&lang=en Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia:] Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC by Miljenko Solaric & Nikola Solaic (University of Zagreb). </ref>}}
'''Note B'''. Nikola Ostojic wrote:''"Defeated and confederated by the Narantani from 642 to 999."''

The date stated by Ostojic of Korčula's being confederated by the Narantani ''or'' Narentines has to be questioned. To this editor's knowledge there are no existing primary historical sources that actually described the event of Croatian Slavs invading and settling the island of Korcula in the middle ages. Also there are no contemporary written records about the invasion/migration about the events as a whole and from the area itself.

The Narentines Slavs, which are referred today mainly as ''Neretvani'', were a nation of pirates. Also known as ''Arentanoi.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OJPfAAAAMAAJ&q=arentanoi&dq=arentanoi&hl=en&ei=bMt2TYb7J4ugvQODuaGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA The Age of the Dromon:] The Byzantine Navy ca. 500-1204 by John H. Pryor & Elizabeth Jeffreys (p67)</ref> Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the invasion and settlement of the Slavic tribes in the Roman Dalmatia region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).
* Danijel Dzino states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are questionable. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs and Avars invading the region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines and was written in the 6th century in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in [[Latin]] it was written ''Sclaveni''. According to Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a later stage. Thus began the ''construct identity'' of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups.
</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particularly the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) seems to confirm this. The arrival and the '''main''' ''settlement'' of the Slavs by some has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century (not seventh century).<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and Sokol.</ref><ref>Note: The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia.</ref>

The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek. Slavic tribes invaded the region of Roman Dalmatia in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a Roman Latin-Illyrian population.

==Encyclopaedia Britannica's (publ. 1911) ==
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|265px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
Article on Korčula from 1911:
{{quote|
''Curzola, the capital and principal port, is a fortified town on the east coast, and occupies a rocky foreland almost surrounded by the sea. Besides the interesting church (formerly a cathedral), dating from the 12th or 13th century, the loggia or council chambers, and the palace of its former Venetian governors, it possesses the noble mansion of the Arnieri, and other specimens of the domestic architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries, together with the massive walls and towers, erected in 1420, and the 15th-century Franciscan monastery, with its beautiful Venetian Gothic cloister.''

''The main resources of the islanders are boat-building (for which they are celebrated throughout the Adriatic), fishing and seafaring, the cultivation of the vine, corn and olives, and breeding of mules. In 1571 it defended itself so gallantly against the Turks that it obtained the designation fidelissima. From 1776 to 1797 it succeeded Lesina as the main Venetian arsenal in this region. During the Napoleonic wars it was ruled successively by Russians, French and British, ultimately passing to [[Austria]] in 1815.'' <ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref>}}

==Notes and References==

[[File:Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px| A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the ''Battle of Curzola'' in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

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<references />
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==External Links==
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.mediterano.hr/location.asp?id=6 Vela Luka-Mediterano]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbarda_Psephisma Wikipedia: Lumbarda Psephisma]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]

[[Category:History]]
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<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatia]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=History]]
</div>
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Directory:Zuvela

2024-12-06T07:22:57Z

Peter Z.: /* THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian/Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started ''culture removal'' of the Dalmatian Italian community in region. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jakica/Jaka). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' (st) son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Croatian Chakavian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-12-06T07:19:54Z

Peter Z.: /* THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian/Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started ''culture removal'' of the Dalmatian Italian community in region. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' (st) son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Croatian Chakavian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-22T06:05:55Z

Peter Z.: /* Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ? */ fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian/Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started ''culture removal'' of the Dalmatian Italian community in region. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Croatian Chakavian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T07:52:14Z

Peter Z.: /* Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica */ fix

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian/Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started ''culture removal'' of the Dalmatian Italian community in region. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T07:34:34Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian/Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was part of the community. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:50:52Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands]The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was part of the community. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:49:01Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */ link update

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/25808405_The_Land_of_1000_Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was part of the community. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:42:56Z

Peter Z.: tidy

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian/Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica (Rasohatija) and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was part of the community. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:31:58Z

Peter Z.: /* Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica */ change, rewording

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was part of the community. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:27:31Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */ added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was centuries old. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:26:30Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */ tidy

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was centuries old. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-21T04:25:09Z

Peter Z.: /* Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica */ added

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] with Croatian Nationalist in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski (as well as historically). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government policies started culture removal od Dalmatian Italian cultural which was centuries old. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-19T14:47:55Z

Peter Z.: /* Additional */rv dead link

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-19T14:46:59Z

Peter Z.: /* Additional Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island) */rv dead like

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]

==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-19T14:33:47Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */Fix

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Speak]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-19T14:20:05Z

Peter Z.: /* Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ? */Fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''Old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-19T14:17:12Z

Peter Z.: /* EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire */Fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [ancestors/history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Korcula History 2

2024-11-18T15:22:43Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */Rv

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Croatia - Korcula History, Romans & Venice}}

[[File:The Tower.jpg|thumb|left|275px|One of Kocula's towers built during the rule of the ''Republic of Venice''. Photo by [[Directory:Peter Zuvela|Peter Zuvela]]]]

[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]] The island of Korcula is marked red.]]

[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]
==Korcula History - There Needs to be an Historical Reassessment==
===If we put aside political correctness, concerning Korcula's history===
During and post Roman Empire the population on Korcula island where Dalmatian Latins who spoke Romance Dalmatian (developed from Vulgar Latin). They were there for centuries.
In effect now a forgotten people. So to start of with, one can ask the question, what happened to the '''Roman families''' when the Slavs invaded the island of Korcula'''?''' The Slavic tribes invaded the old Roman Dalmatian province. This part of Korcula's history is very '''unclear''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''").
When the Slavs conquered Corcyra Nigra (modern: Korčula <ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula www.britannica.com]

* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': "Korcula, Italian Curzola, Greek Corcyra Melaina, island in the Adriatic Sea, on the Dalmatian coast, in Croatia. With an area of 107 square miles (276 square km), it has a hilly interior rising to 1,863 feet (568 m)."</ref><ref>[http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/c2/curzola.html Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911):]
*"CURZOLA (Serbo-Croatian Korcula or Karkar), an island in the Adriatic Sea, forming part of Dalmatia, Austria; and lying west of the Sabioncello promontory, from which it is divided by a strait less than 2 M. wide. Its length is about 25 m.; its average breadth, 4 m. Curzola (Korcula), the capital and principal port, is a fortified town on the east coast, and occupies a rocky foreland almost surrounded by the sea."</ref>), events could have unfolded for the Roman families as:
* Being attacked, killed and some of the population sold off as slaves.
* The survivors could have fled from Korčula to Ragusa (modern: Dubrovnik), then a place of Roman refuge.
* Maybe some survived and remained on the island ''or'' they came back after the Slavs lost control over the island.
* ''or'' all the above

It has to be taken into account that maybe the Croatians (Slavs) settled on the island without any conflict as the local Latins didn't have the means to defend themselves or to stop them.

To this editor's knowledge there are '''no existing''' primary historical sources that actually described the '''event''' of [[Directory:Croatia|Croatian Slavs]] <ref>'''Note''': The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian (Hrvat) identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from the Dalmatian Hinterland.</ref> invading and settling the island of Korčula in the middle ages. Also there are no contemporary written records about the invasion/migration/settlement, about the events as a whole and the area itself.

It was the ''Republic of Venice'' who first mentions Slavic peoples (Narrentanos Sclavos<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA39&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Narrentanos%20Sclavos&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p39)</ref>) and Corcyra Nigra (modern: Korčula).

The manner they where first mentioned was in the 9th century when the Republic of Venice recorded that Narentani ''or'' Narentines, who are referred to sometimes in modern times as Neretva pirates (Neretvani), started to disrupt Venice's trade with the east (Levant). It was established that they the newly arrived Sclavos (Slavs) had strategically secured the delta of the river Neretva and some of the islands as well as other surrounding areas in southern Dalmatia. Amongst these was the island of Korčula. It took many decades before Venice could minimise the threat from the Narentines - Slavic pirates. It was doge Pietro II Orseolo who with military means took the island for the Republic of Venice in the year 1000.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B7gzrJDlUv8C&pg=PA60&dq=Pietro+II+Orseolo+Curzola&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DU7dUKKeFYiPkwW02oGoAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Pietro%20II%20Orseolo%20Curzola&f=false Venice Triumphant:] The Horizons of a Myth by Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan (p60)</ref> I guess, it is assumed that a group of Slavs remained on the island. In 1262 the Venetians did mention the Slavs and '''Latins''' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> on the island of Korčula. With this reference it puts the descendants of the Roman Empire on the island who were living side by side with the Slavs.

It is difficult to determine the exact history from 476 - 999 (even from 1000 -1250) because the sources are very scarce (people can easily spin any historic theme). It has been written many, many times that they, the Croatians, settled on Korčula and assimilated the remaining of the Romans and quickly and firmly spread the Croatian language. This interpretation of history in modern times is a heavily politically driven and defined within a political context and agenda, perspectives of the Pan-Slavism and Nationalistic movements. I believe this was a process of many centuries rather than the settlers just overwhelming the locals with their arrival.

For example 'The Statute of Korčula' was drafted in 1214 (Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214). It was most likely written (the first one) by the Korčula Latins (not Slavs). Later the new island's Slavic nobility started to make contributions to it.

Korčula history - there needs to be an historical reassessment.

== Korcula in the Context of Old Roman Cities of Dalmatia ==
The old Roman cities of Dalmatia; Epidaurum, Narona and Salona which were then part of the Byzantine-Eastern Roman Empire (Eastern Roman Empire, please '''note''' they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' '''Latin''': ''Imperium Romanum''), were destroyed or just abandoned. This was due to the fact that the cities were not strategically set up for defence from constant invasions. It is quite possible that settlements on Corcyra Nigra (Korčula) had similar fates.

The Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths) invaded Roman Dalmatia in the 5th century. They ruled parts of Roman Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD.

Later according to various sources both Slavs and Avars participated in raiding Roman Dalmatia. The ''Avars'' were a nomadic people from Eurasian who invaded the Balkans at the same time as the Slavs. In this historic period it is recorded that many of the churches on the island of Korčula were abandoned (or destroyed) and then rebuilt at a later stage. <ref>According to recent studies done at the '''University of Zadar''', Slavs on the island of Korčula accepted Christianity fully in the 14th century. Reference from: University of Zadar-Sociogeographic Transformation of the Western Part of Korcula Island by Lena Mirosevic-2008 (p161)</ref>
</div>

===Korcula Originally a 'Dalmatian Latin' (Roman) Town===
In this writers opinion todays Korčula started its life originally as a '''Dalmatian Latin''' (Roman) town - Corcyra. Sometime after the collapse of the Roman Empire and the diminishing political and military presence of Byzantine a town was built in the middle ages on the current location as a fortification against invaders. Later it became a dual Latin Romance and Slavic town. <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely assume''' is that from the 13th century on-wards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John an Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> <ref>Please '''note''': From 16th century onwards ethnically it was becoming more Dalmatian Slavic.</ref> The old town of Korčula continued to evolve as such until the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797 (dissolved by France). The town's old centre is of Venetian construction <ref> Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref> and many have pointed out its similarities to Venetian architecture.

Two languages, firstly the Romance Latin language called ''Dalmatian'' and then the old Croatian Slavic Chakavian language became the norm on the island. With time these languages started to overlap. The written language was Latin. The fact that Slavs from the then neighbouring [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]] also spoke old Croatian '''Chakavian''' indicates that this group of Slavs once came from the same ''or'' closely related tribal group.

The Dalmatian (Latin - Romance) language must have started disappearing from the 13th century onwards. There are only small remnants of the extinct language today on the island. Italian Venetian must have replace it the lingua franca of that era

===Latins Romanized the Coastal Slavs===
The new population of Narentines Slavs invaded and then probably settled in the centre of the island. The centre of the island had its strategic qualities which allowed protection on all sides from attack by sea. It also had fertile land which allowed cultivation. After the invasion of Slavic tribes, the region stabilised to a certain extent. The Byzantines and the Republic of Venice and others, started to exert a political, economic and culture influence over the region.
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|375px|The Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire. 476 AD]] When the Narentines, the Slavic pirates lost control of the island, Dalmatian Latins <ref>'''Note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago.</ref> and the Republic of Venice brought ''Mediterranean Latin cultural'' to the Slavs who remained on the island. Christianity was one aspect of this. In essence Slavs on the island were Romanized (adopted Latin culture).

According to Marinko Gjivoje there is archaeological evidence from the '''16th century''' where the Croatian identity was starting to be used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings use: Hrvat Dalmatinac in its writings. Hrvat means Croat in Croatian.<ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced '''Harvat''' ''or'' Hrovat. It was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref>

== A Record of History via the Korcula Dialect==
[[Korcula Dialect|Korčula Dialect]] is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula in Croatia. It '''reflects''' a rich history of the island. The language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (it is also intermixed with Shtokavian). Within the Korčula Dialect has small remnants of the extinct Romance (Latin) Dalmatian and has been referred to at times as Corzulot.

Additionally it has strong influences of Venetian-Italian. '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''from the outside''.
====A Record of History the Korcula Dialect and Romance Dalmatian ====
Korčula Dialect - English - Romance Dalmatian
* botilja/ bottle - Dalmatian: botaila
* botun/ button - Dalmatian: botaun
* dreto/ straight - Dalmatian: drat
* frigati/ to fry - Dalmatian: fregur
* kadena/ chain - Dalmatian: kataina
* kapula/ onion - Dalmatian: kapula
* katrida/ chair - Dalmatian: katraida
* mir/ wall - Dalmatian: mir (Croatian: ''zid'')
* prusura/frying pan - Dalmatian: prasura <ref>Nikola Vuletić - Croatian in the Mediterranean Context: Language Contacts in the Early Modern Croatian Lexicography </ref>
'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' on Romance Dalmatian: {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century. The Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century''.}}

===A Record of History, Korcula Dialect and Venetian Italian===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* adio/ goodbye - Venetian: adio (addio: meaning in Italian goodbye)
* afitat/ rent - Venetian: afìt
* ala/ come on - Venetian: ala
* aria/ air - Venetian: aria
* arma/ armed - Venetian: arma
* baba/ grandmother - In Venetian it means ''nanny''
* baleta/ bullet - Venetian: bal
* banda/ side - Venetian ''side & flank''
* balun/football - Venetian: balón
* banak/ bench - Venetian: banca
* baraka/shed ''or'' shack - Venetian: baràca
* barba/ uncle - Venetian: barba
* barilo/ barrel - Venetian: barìla
* barka/ type of local boat - Venetian: bàrca
* bareta/ cap, hat - Venetian: bareta
* bat / a type of hammer - Venetian:batu, meaning to strike.
* bevanda/ wine with water- Venetian: bevànda ''"watery wine"''
* beštimat/ swear - Venetian: bestiemàr
* bićerin/ small glass - Venetian: bicér ''"glass"''
* bira/ beer-Venetian: bira
* biskot/ cookies - Venetian: biscot
* boca/ bottle - Venetian:boca
* bonaca/ the sea is dead calm - Venetian: bonàca
* bonbon/ sweet - Venetian: bonbon
* botun/ botton - Venetian: boton
* bova/ bouy - Venetian: bova
* Brigela/ local nickname - Venetian: brighela ''meaning joker''
* britva/ knife- Venetian: britolada
* bura/ northern wind - Venetian: bora
* burin/ light northern wind - Venetian: borin
* buža/ hole - Venetian: bus ''or'' buxa
* čorav/ blind - Venetian: ciòro ''"blind person"''
* '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
* faca/ face - Venetian: faca
* falso/ fake - Venetian: falso ''"liar"''
* feral/ gas lamp - Venetian: feral ''"lamp"''
{{col-break}}
* feta/ slice - Venetian: feta
* figura/ figure - Venetian: figura
* forma/ shape - Venetian: forma
* fabrika/ factory - Venetian: frabica ''"construction building"''
* fumar/ chimney - Venetian: fuma ''"smoke"''
* gusti/ enjoyment - Venetian: gusto ''"pleasurable"''
* karoca/ small carriage - Venetian: carosa ''carriage''
* kartun/ cardboard - Venetian: carton
* kasa/ case - Venetian: casa
* katrida/ chair - Venetian: carega
* klapa/an a cappella form <ref>The traditional '''Klapa''' was composed of up to a dozen male singers (in recent times there are female Klape groups). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavic-Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today.</ref> of music - Venetian: clapa ''"singing crowd"''
* kužin/ cousin - Venetian:cuxìn
* licenca/ licence - Venetian: icenca
* lapis/ pencil - Venetian: apis
* lavadin/ washbasin - Venetian: lavandin
* Levant/ strong easterly wind - Venetian: Levantera
* '''Malandrin'''/ Local nickname. In Venetian it means: ''dishonest & crook''
* Maragun/ wood worker - Venetian: Marangòn
* mezo/ in between - Venetian: mèzo ''"half"''
* mudante/underwear - Venetian: mudande
* pandur/ policemen - Venetian: panduro
* '''papit'''/ this ''word'' is used when feeding a child/ (Venetian: papa-means ''baby food'')
* par/ pair - Venetian: par
* perun/ fork - Venetian: pirón ''from'' [[Greece|Greek]]: pirouni
* piat/ plate, dish - Venetian: piat
* pikolo/ small, little - Venetian: picolo
* pirula/ pill - Venetian: pirola
* pistun/ piston - Venetian: piston
* pištol/ pistol - Venetian: pistola
* pitar/ pot - Venetian: pitar (vas, jar)
* pitura/ paint - Venetian: pitura (painting)
* portela/ boat hatch - Venetian: portela (hatch, door)
* šiloko/ local wind - Venetian: siròco
* šporko/ dirty - Venetian: spórco
* šufit/ attic ''or'' loft - Venetian: sofìta
{{col-end}}
Above referenced from: Venetian-English English-Venetian: When in Venice Do as the Venetians by Lodovico Pizzati <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jz2V1LL2u1YC&pg=PA19&dq=Bench+seat++in+Venetian&hl=en&ei=DSEbTb--Komlcb6vlLMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venetian-English English-Venetian:] When in Venice Do as the Venetians ''by'' Lodovico Pizzati (p19)</ref>
[[File:Venice galley rowing alla sensile1.jpg|thumb|right|455px|A wooden model of a ''Venetian Galley'' with rowers in Museo Storico Navale (navy museum). Photo by Myriam Thyes]]
====Regarding the Old Shtokavian====
Regarding the Shtokavian dialect below taken from-[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan: {{quote|
''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Pag. The newcomers brought their gene pool and a variety of cultural specificities, including the “Shtokavian” dialect of the Croatian language to the predominantly “Chakavian” area. The most extensive migrations to these islands occurred during the Cypriote (1571-1573), Candian (1645-1669), and Morean wars (1684-1699).'' <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan</ref>}}

The new arrivals to the island were predominately Slavic Shtokavian speakers. This must have put the Slavic speaks (Old Slavic - Chakavian ''plus'' the '''new''' Old Slavic - Shtokavian <ref>Croato-Serbian elements</ref>) on the island in a '''majority'''. Venetian was still ''lingua franca'' on the island and must have replaced Latin as the official written language.

When the Serbian forces were annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' by the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] in '''1389''' a large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward (Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453). Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). When the Black Plague <ref>Korcula was devastated by the plague in 1529, 1558.{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': " A plague devastated the town in 1529, depleting the population. The burned houses of infected persons, called kućišta..."</ref> and EPIDEMIC of 1617 depleted the island's population the Venetian authorities saw a need to bring new families to the island of Korčula. Amongst these were Shtokavian Slavic speakers.
{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation for their homeland were extinct.}}Taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007' <ref>Nikola Bačić 2007</ref>.

As mention before with these new added migrations the Slavic speakers became a majority (this applies more to west end of the island). If the translation of the [[Defence of Korcula|Defence of Korčula from Ottoman Turkish attack in 1571]] , originally written in Latin by Antun (Antonio) Rozanovic (or Antonio Rosaneo, Latin: Antonii Rosenei) is ''untainted'', we can see that the majority of the defenders of the island were by 1571 of Slavic decent. If we use this as a reference then from the mid 16th century '''onwards''' the majority of Korčula's population was indeed of Slavic origins.

==A Record of History - Surname List from 1830's Korcula (Christening book)==
The surnames below do indicate a very mixed history of families on the island,
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*Anzulovic (Anzulovic, Anzulovich)
*Basic (Bashich, Basich, Bassich, Basic)
*Batistic (Batistic, Batistich, Battistich, Battisich)
*Bello (Belo)
*Bercic (Bercic, Bercich)
*Bernardi
*Bertoleto (Bertoletto)
*Bonvardo (Bonguardo, Bonuardo)
*Budol (Bodol, Budoll, Bodoll)
*Buja (Buya, Boya)
*Calugera (Kalogjera, Callogera, Callugera)
*Carlesi (Carlessi, Karlesi, Karlessi)
*Damjanovic (Damjanovic, Damjanovich, Damyanovich)
*Depolo (Depollo)
*Despotovic (Despotovic, Despotovich)
*Devecchi (Davechi, Devechi)
*Druskovic (Druskovic, Druskovich, Druscovich)
*Fabris (Fabriss)
*Filipi (Filippi, Fillipi, Fillippi)
*Foretic (Foretic, Foretich)
*Franasovic (Franasovic, Franasovich, Franassovich)
*Gericic (Gericic, Gericich, Gerichich, Jerisich)
*Giasic (Giasic, Giasich, Giassich)
*Giunio (Junio, Gunio, Junnio, Gunnio)
*Grasic (Grasic, Grasich, Grassich)
*Guljelmi (Gulermi)
*Ivancevic (Ivancevic, Ivancevich, Ivanchevich)
*Jericevic (Jericevic, Jericevich, Yericevich, Yerichevich)
*Jurjevic (Jurjevic, Jurjevich, Yuryevic, Yuryevich)
{{col-break}}
*Kapor (Capor, Kaper, Caper, Kappor, Cappor)
*Kastelan (Kastelan, Kastellan, Castelan, Castellan)
*Klesara (Klessara, Clesara, Clessara, Clesarra, Klesarra)
*Klisura (Klissura, Klesura, Klessura)
*Kondenal (Condenal, Condinnal)
*Kuspilic (Kuspilic, Kuspilich)
*Lovricevic (Lovricevic, Lovrecevich)
*Medin (Meddin)
*Medini (Meddini, Medinni)
*Okmasic (Okmasic, Okmasich)
*Paunovic (Paunovic, Paunovich, Panovich, Pannovich)
*Perucic (Perucic, Perucich, Perusich, Peruchich)
*Pesic (Pesic, Pessic, Pessich, Pesich, Peshich)
*Petrusic (Petrusic, Petrusich, Petrasich, Petrushich)
*Portolan (Portollan, Pertolan)
*Sardi
*Sesa (Sessa)
*Sladoevic (Sladoevic, Sladoevich, Sladovich)
*Smrkinic (Smrkinich, Smerkinich, Smerkenich)
*Sponseli (Sponselli)
*Tanisic (Stanisic, Stanisich, Stanissich, Stannisich)
*Tasovac (Tasovatz)
*Trojanis (Troyanis, Troyannis, Troyaniss)
*Vilovic (Vilovic, Vilovich, Villovich)
*Vitaic (Vitaich)
*Zafron (Safron)
*Zmaic (Zmaic, Zmaich, Smaich)

''Above''' taken from [http://www.croatia-in-english.com/gen/Kor-names.html www.croatia-in-english.com Korcula names-Tom Ninkovich].

{{col-end}}

===Plus, surnames on the island that are not clearly of Slavic origin===
for example:
* Izmaeli - originally de '''Ismael'''
* Gabrijeliċ - originally '''Gabriel'''
* Đunio - originally de '''Giunio'''
* Bonguardo
* Depolo
* Sambrailo
* Don Marko '''Bono''' of Žrnovo
* D'Angelis
* Sessa
* Bernardi
* Fabris <ref>The Building Technology by the Korčula Wooden Shipbuilding - School by Roko Markovina</ref>
* Vidali - surname of a noble family from the 16th century. <ref>Korčula City and Island by Alena Fazinić, Stanka Kraljević & Milan Babić</ref>
* Buskariol
* Surjan (Ita: Surian, from the Middle East)
* Zuvela (Xuvella)

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]

== Summary - History of Korcula ==
* The indigenous population of Korčula were Mesolithic and Neolithic peoples. Archaeological evidence has been found at ''Jakas Cave'' near the village of Žrnovo and on the west end of the island in a cave called Vela Spila. <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/26657 University of Zagreb:] Faculty of Philosophy
* Some of the finds from Vela Spila (Big Cave) are on display at the '''University of Zagreb''' and the ''Center for Culture'' in [http://www.apartments-vela-luka.com/vela-spila.asp Vela Luka.]</ref>
* The island was then settled by Illyrians-Dalmatae. <ref>The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11 : The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone</ref>
* A Greek colony was founded on Korčula. <ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists from Issa (Vis) formed a small colony on the island in the 4th or 3rd century B.C.
[[File:280px-Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|200px|Republic of Venice-1796 ''(Created by MapMaster)'']]

Note A: '''Lumbarda Psephisma'''

[[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula#Editors Notes|Lumbarda Psephisma]] is a stone inscription which documented the event and was found on the island of Korčula.<ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74289&lang=en Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia:] Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC by Miljenko Solaric & Nikola Solaic (University of Zagreb).</ref> The Greeks (from Issa-Vis) established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz. A literary work from the 1st century AD ''"Periegesis Hellados"'' <ref>[http://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/834aad3ee7/ Swedish University - Essays Swedish (www.dissertations.se):] Researcher, Traveller, Narrator. Studies in Pausanias' Periegesis-University Dissertation from Almqvist & Wiksell International Stockholm Sweden.</ref> mentions a second Greek Cnidian colony on the island of Nigra Kerkyra (Korčula).<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9XI-B449vkC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA74&dq=Greek+colony+in+the+3+century+BC+lumbarda&source=bl&ots=O3bea0TiFw&sig=fSxIeilCNTQP293_TrJkkma3pDM&hl=en&ei=xof7SuDnFsGIkQWgz42YBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAjge#v=snippet&q=korcula&f=false Studi sulla grecità di occidente by Lorenzo Braccesi] (p68)</ref> According to [[Defence of Korcula (part two)|Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic]] (Defence of Korcula in 1571) the Greeks named it ''Corcyra Melena'' <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra</ref> meaning Black Corfu after their homeland and the dense woods on the island. It is not known what the Illyrians called the island.

* The island became part of the Roman province of Illyricum.<ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica'''.
* The Roman province of Illyricum stretched from the Drilon River (the Drin, in modern Albania) in the south to Istria (modem Slovenia and Croatia) </ref> The Romans called the island Corcyra Nigra. After the Illyrian Wars, Roman migration followed and Roman citizens arrived on the island.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QtppAAAAMAAJ&q=Roman+Junianum+korcula&dq=Roman+Junianum+korcula&lr= Croatian Adriatic:] History, Culture, Art & Natural beauties</ref> The Illyrian population immediately after the Illyrian Wars suffered greatly under the Romans. A large portion of the Illyrians were executed and sold off to slavery. In 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and '''Dalmatia'''.<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> Korčula became part of the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia.
* The Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths) ruled Roman Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD.
* In the 6th century it came under the Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire, please note they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum)
* Migrations of the early middle ages, brought the Slavic peoples into the Dalmatian region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius cia. 518, Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- Roman bureaucrat, cia. 550) and was recorded in the 6th century . It is belived that the Narrentanos Sclavos invaded the island and occupied it. The Old-Slavic term for Korčula was Krkar.
Note B: '''The Narentines'''

The Narentines, who are referred today also as ''Neretva pirates'' (Neretvani), were a nation of Slavic pirates who got their name from the river Neretva. Also known as ''Arentanoi'',<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OJPfAAAAMAAJ&q=arentanoi&dq=arentanoi&hl=en&ei=bMt2TYb7J4ugvQODuaGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA The Age of the Dromon:] The Byzantine Navy ca. 500-1204 by John H. Pryor, Elizabeth & Jeffreys (p67)</ref> modern scholarly research now puts the time of the main invasion of the Slavic tribes in the region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212): '''Danijel Dzino''' states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are questionable. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs and Avars invading the region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines and was written in the 6th century in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in [[Latin]] it was written ''Sclaveni''. According to Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a later stage. Thus began the ''construct identity'' of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups.
</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particularly the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref> in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the '''settlement''' of Slavs now to be more in the region of the 8th century.<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L. Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and Sokol.</ref> The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia. In Korčula's case a small group of Slavs (Chakavian speakers) settled on the island in mid 9th century.

* Conquered by the Republic of Venice under the management of the doge Pietro II Orseolo. Venice ruled from 1000 to 1100. The Venetians called the island Curzola. Please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima.
* Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
* Recaptured by the Republic of Venice and ruled from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
* In 1184 Miroslav, Stefan Nemanja <ref>Stefan Nemanja (c. 1114 – 13 February 1199) was a 12th-century Serb royalty, heir to the Vukanović dynasty and Grand Prince of medieval Raška from 1166 to 1196. Nemanja was from Ribnica in Zeta, present day Podgorica which is the capital of Montenegro.</ref> and Costantino, counts of Chelmo (Zahumlje),<ref>Nobles of '''Raška''' who ruled Chelmo (Zahumlje). Raška was a medieval principality created by Serbian Slavs (Costantino is referred to as Stracimir).</ref> attempted to conquer Korčula.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA8&dq=Miroslav+korcula&hl=en&ei=5lisTY7YI4yYvAO7raX_CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Miroslav%20korcula&f=false The Late Medieval Balkans:] A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century by John Van Antwerp Fine (p8)</ref>
* Statute of Korčula was drafted in 1214 (Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214).
Note C: '''Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214'''

The Statute itself <ref>[https://www.korculainfo.com/statute/ Korcula Info (www.korculainfo.com): Korcula Town Statute from 1214]</ref> was probably written by Dalmatian Latins and maybe the new Slavic nobility. Originally written in Latin. Oldest known copy is from 1265, also written in Latin. It was later translated to Venetian - Italian.
Here is an ''Historic quote'' taken from 'When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans' by John Van Antwerp Fine in which it writes about the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korčula (Curzola): {{quote|
''In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref><ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130)</ref>}}
* Possessed on behalf of the king of '''Hungary''' from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
* Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420 (part of Dalmazia Veneta, in original Venatian: Dalmàssia).
* In 1483, during the war between Republic of Venice and Ferrara (1482 — 1484), King Ferdinand of Naples sent a fleet to conquer Korčula. It was defeated under the Governor Giorgio Viario.
* Korčula was devastated by the plague in 1529, 1558 <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': " A plague devastated the town in 1529, depleting the population. The burned houses of infected persons, called kućišta ..."</ref> and 1617.
*[[ Defence of Korcula]] in 1571 against Ottoman Turks.
* Turkish pirates attack the island on the 10th of June 1715. Some of the islanders were captured and sold off as slaves. Piracy and the slave trade was a constant reality for the island.
* Surrendered with the Republic of Venice to [[France]] in 1797 (it was occupied by the Russians for a year in 1808).
[[File:Blato Graves.jpg|thumb|right|325px|One of the old graves in Blato (Korcula) written in Italian. Photo by [[Directory:Peter Zuvela|Peter Zuvela]]]]
* British Empire rule from 1813 to 1815 under the command of Peter Lowen.
* Occupied by [[Austria]] (Habsburg Empire - later renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire), first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by the Vienna Treaty from 1815 to 1918 (Kingdom of Dalmatia - Konigreich Dalmatien).
* '''Sir John Gardner Wilkinson''' in his book 'Dalmatia and Montenegro' (his travels during 1844 - published in 1848) writes: '' "The Isle of Curzola is called in Illyric Korçula ..... "'' <ref> Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p256)</ref>
* Historic quote taken from ''Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic'' written by Andrew Archibald Paton in '''1861'''. Chapter 4 - The Dalmatian Archipelago on page 164. Signor Arneri from the town of Korčula stated:
{{quote|
''These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors built this palace; so that, you see, I am Dalmatian. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic; but the hero of our race was Arneri Perussich, whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the Siege of Candia, whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich.'' [Editors note: Republic of Venice] <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=These+three+pears+you+see+on+the+wall,%22+said+he,+%22are+the+arms+of+my+family.+Perussich+was+the+name,&hl=en&ei=AsG-TYzeBIa0vwOH4OWsDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20three%20pears%20you%20see%20on%20the%20wall%2C%22%20said%20he%2C%20%22are%20the%20arms%20of%20my%20family.%20Perussich%20was%20the%20name%2C&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic:] By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. (p164)
* Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19th century.</ref><ref>The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion-Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian ruled city and were victorious. Lasting from 1648 to 1669, it is conceded by some to be the longest siege in history.</ref>}}
'''Note''': Here is a perfect example of a Slavic family surname becoming later Venetian in character. According to Marinko Gjivoje, Perussich in modern Croatian is ''Piruzović''.<ref>Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by Marinko Gjivoje, Zagreb 1969.
*The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korcula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography. (p46-p47): ''Piruzović ''</ref>
* The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (Königreich Kroatien) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien). The [[Austria|Austrians]] (part of the Habsburg Empire, later renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire) in the 1860s started to introduce (a process of [[Croatisation]]) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language originally referred to as Illyrian (Illirski). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref><ref>Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns" .... taken from The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.8 written in Croatian)}}</ref>
* Under the Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (Nov. 12, 1920),<ref> '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''-Dalmatia:
* "Finally, the Treaty of Rapallo, (Nov. 12, 1920 between [[Italy]] and Yugoslavia gave all Dalmatia to the Yugoslavs except the mainland Zadar (Zara) enclave and the coastal islands of Cres, Losinj (Lussino), and Lastovo. </ref> Korčula became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia which was renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. After [[World War II]] Dalmatia was divided between three republics of [[Communists|Communist]] Yugoslavia. Most of the territory went to Croatia.
* In 1991 Korčula became part of the independent [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]].
'''Additional''':
* Venetian citizens and Ragusan (today Dubrovnik region) families migrated to the island.
* Croatian (and other groups) migrations in 16th and 17th century caused by the Ottoman invasions.

==There Needs to be an Historical Reassessment==
A very interesting statement by Croatian Historian Sime Peričić in which he mentions " colony of Italians" on the island. He seems to have totally missed the autochthonous Dalmatian Latins:
{{quote|

''It is true, then a small colony of Italians where in Sibenik, on the island of Korcula, Hvar and Vis, and other places of the province.''<ref>Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the XIXth Century by Šime Peričić</ref>}}Trying to re-tell the history of this part of the world (old Dalmatia part of [[Croatia]]) is fraught with problems. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Communist party]] created historic falsehoods to promote its own aggressive political authoritarian agenda.

'''In''' the 19th century the island became heavily influenced by Pan-Slavism and the Croatian Nationalistic movements <ref>Nationalistic movements of 19th century is a perspective that's needs to be explored. With the Napoleonic Wars and the aftermath of that historical period, certain European nationhoods where being created that didn't exist before. Founding of the nation-states of Italy and then Germany, city-states, principalities and kingdoms ceasing to exist (or cease to be independent) , all had an affect on the lands that are now part of modern Croatia.
Industrial Revolution had an impact on creating modern nationhoods. Pan-Slavism and Croatian Nationalistic movements, Industrial Revolution and Empire building is the historic drive of the 19th century. If you want to build a modern 19th century nation you need a least a mini-empire, for example a southern Slavic Empire.The great southern Slavic Empire could have the Russian Empire as an ally. This state would need a literary standard, standardise language of its slavic peoples, a history that unites them all etc.</ref>. Pan-Slavism was later in the 20th century reinforced by the Yugoslavian governments. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Communist Yugoslavian]] regime (1945-91) had a huge influence on the island of Korcula and the historic region of Dalmatia. The Yugoslav Communist party <ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia</ref> was the main driving force in all social matters within the former Yugoslavia. Its [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Stalinist policies]] from the 1940s to the 1960s and authoritarian rule <ref>[http://www.federaljack.com/ebooks/Free%20Energy%20Ebooks/Gale%20-%20Encyclopedia%20Of%20Genocide%20And%20Crimes%20Against%20Humanity/Gale%20-%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Genocide%20and%20Crimes%20Against%20Humanity%20-%20Vol%203%20%5BT-Z%5D%20Corrected.pdf '''Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'''. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005.] Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)

*"The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945."

*"Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by [[Germany|West Germany]]. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on '''death marches''' towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic [[Italy|Italians]] fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref> have been mostly ignored in the Western media. From the late 19th century on-wards coastal Dalmatian culture has been disappearing from the region with not much attention being payed to it.

Paul Hollander writes about attitudes in former communist countries (complicity):

{{quote|
''Public attitudes in former communist countries have been conflicted because of the arguable complicity of many citizens in keeping the old system in power. A predominant attitude in Eastern Europe and Russia toward the former communist systems has been a mixture of oblivion, denial, and repression'' <ref>http://www.cato.org/publications/development-policy-analysis/reflections-communism-twenty-years-after-fall-berlin-wall</ref>}}
'''Additional''': Historians seem to not place importance on the islands diminishing population during its long history. Periods where the population diminished would be:
* During the conquering of the island by the Romans.
* Later the conquering of the island by the Slavic Croatians.
* Wars with the Ottoman Empire.
* Also during the infamous Black Plagues in the 16th and 17th century.

Truly, I believe there needs to be an historical reassessment.

Konstantin Porfirogenet, the Xth century Byzantine emperor, whilst consolidating his empire, writes:

"''Four islands lie nearby: Mljet, Korcula, Hvar, Brac, very beautiful and fertile with many deserted towns and meadows; the inhabitants live from cattle raising ... They have in their power these islands: Korcula or Krkar, on which there is a town.''"

Islands diminishing population during its long history might have been an issue since the collapse of the western part of the Roman Empire. Wars and many plagues where part of the island's history.

==Chronology-Korcula Languages==
• Illyrian (Delmatae)
• Greek
• Latin (Romans)
• Romance Dalmatian (Latin)
• Croatian Slavic (Old Chakavian)
• Venetian (Italian)
• Slavic - Old Shtokavian
• Italian (standardise language arrived)
• Croato-Serbian<ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref> (standardise language, Neo Štokavian)
'''Modern times''': Croatian (Croatian Literary Standard, standardise language)
[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Town of Korcula]]

== See also ==
* [[Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Defence of Korcula|Defense of Korcula from Turkish Attack in 1571]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Dalmatian Italians]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]

==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
=====Encyclopaedia Britannica's (publ. 1911): Article on Korčula from 1911=====
{{quote|
Curzola, the capital and principal port, is a fortified town on the east coast, and occupies a rocky foreland almost surrounded by the sea. Besides the interesting church (formerly a cathedral), dating from the 12th or 13th century, the loggia or council chambers, and the palace of its former Venetian governors, it possesses the noble mansion of the Arnieri, and other specimens of the domestic architecture of the 15th and 16th centuries, together with the massive walls and towers, erected in 1420, and the 15th-century Franciscan monastery, with its beautiful Venetian Gothic cloister.

The main resources of the islanders are boat-building (for which they are celebrated throughout the Adriatic), fishing and seafaring, the cultivation of the vine, corn and olives, and breeding of mules. In 1571 it defended itself so gallantly against the Turks that it obtained the designation fidelissima. From 1776 to 1797 it succeeded Lesina as the main Venetian arsenal in this region. During the Napoleonic wars it was ruled successively by Russians, French and British, ultimately passing to [[Austria]] in 1815.}}
[[File:Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|375px|A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the battle of Curzola in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]

==External links==
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.mediterano.hr/location.asp?id=6 Vela Luka-Mediterano]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://www.unizd.hr/Home/tabid/36/Default.aspx University of Zadar (Sveučilište u Zadru-Universitas Studiorum Jadertina)]
* [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ University of Zagreb (Sveučilište u Zagreb)]
[[File:Defaced.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Defaced Photo by [[Directory:Peter Zuvela|Peter Zuvela]]]]
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula:=Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Korcula:=Romans]]
[[Korcula:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Korcula:=Venice]]
[[Korcula:=Chakavian Croatian]]
</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-18T14:38:41Z

Peter Z.: /* External links */Mv

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=

* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]

* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-18T14:37:04Z

Peter Z.: /* See also */Rv

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]] part of Korcula Dialect

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-11-18T14:33:40Z

Peter Z.: /* THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs */Fixed

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Eng: Zouvelos). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-10-27T16:46:03Z

Peter Z.: /* Zuvela Circular Dry Stone */New title

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos. They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Circular Dry Stone=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-10-27T16:43:10Z

Peter Z.: /* THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs */Fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos. They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1. ''' st son Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-10-27T16:41:45Z

Peter Z.:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos. They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.st son''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Vallegrande Speak

2024-10-20T17:18:43Z

Peter Z.: /* Words from the Old Vela Luka Dialect - Staro Luški */Fix, added muretto a secco

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Old Vela Luka Speak}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The island of Korcula is marked red. Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]] ]]

'''Old Vela Luka Speak''' in Croatian, ''Staro Luški govor'' <ref>Tako su stari govorili. Translated: ''That's how the old folk use to speak''.</ref> (or
alternatively it could be called Vallegrande Speak) is an old [[Korcula Dialect]] from the small town of Vela Luka. The town is on the west end of the island of Korčula.<ref>The č is pronounced ''ch''.</ref> The island of Korčula lies just off the Dalmatian coast in [[Croatia]].<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> The language base of this Korčula Dialect is '''Croatian Chakavian''' <ref>'''Editors note''': Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago (prior to the arrival of the Slavs). The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian (Hrvat) identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.</ref> (it is also intermixed with Old Western Shtokavian<ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596/reload=0;jsessionid=7BE5888928AF51ECB79DC33089D0E57A.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] by Igor Rudan

* "However, the clashes between the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Pag [Dalmazia Veneta]. The newcomers brought their gene pool and a variety of cultural specificities, including the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language to the predominantly “Chakavian” area. The most extensive migrations to these islands occurred during the Cypriote (1571-1573), Candian (1645-1669), and Morean wars (1684-1699)."</ref>). It has very strong elements of ''Italian Venetian'' and it also has small remnants of the extinct Romance (Latin) language, '''Dalmatian''' <ref>PRILOG PROUČAVANJU LEKSIČKIH RAZLIKA IZMEĐU GOVORA BLATA I VELE LUKE (I) by Petar Milat Panža ''(Eng:'' Contribution to the Study of Lexical Differences Between the Speech of Blato and Vela Luka): ''..... a famous Croatian linguist finally asserted that there is no Slavic studies without Roman studies! He admitted that it is not possible to study the Croatian language with its three dialects - Štokavian, Kajkavian and Chakavian - without studying Romance influences, especially on our Chakavian languages. By the term Romanic influences, we understand remnants from Latin through Dalmatian (Old Dalmatian, Dalmatian-Romance), then remnants from Venetian and all other Italian dialects, and finally the influences of the standard Italian language. Another group worthy of research is the lexicon of Slavic origin, which appears in the speech of Vela Luka, but is not present in the speech of Blato.''

</ref><ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century.}}
</ref><ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_language Dalmatian Language (Wikipedia)]</ref>. The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been sometimes referred to as Corzulot. The local dialect is sometimes referred to as 'Naški' <ref>'''Note''': Naški means 'ours' thus meaning ''"our language"'' in Croatian.</ref> (the '''š''' is pronounced '''sh''').

The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the '''Republic of Venice''' (the French Empire dissolved the Republic <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima </ref> in 1797). The Old-Slavic term was Krkar. According to Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic written in his [[Defence of Korcula (part two)|Defence of Korcula in 1571]] the Greeks named it ''Corcyra Melena''.<ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>

One of Korčula's older names was Curzola. Vela Luka in the past was called Vallegrande (Latin: vallem maximam).

[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|500px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from 1903, written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by Ernesto Furlani.]]

===Chronology-Korcula Island Languages===
* Illyrian (Delmatae)
* Greek
* Latin (Romans)
* Romance Dalmatian (Vulgar Latin)
* Croatian (Slavic Chakavian)
* Venetian (Romance language)
* Old West Shtokavian - Slavic
* Italian (standardise language arrived, besides Latin)
* Croato-Serbian (Slavic standardise language<ref>Standardise Croatian arrived in the late 1850s. The Standardise language was referred to as '''Illyrian''' (Illirski). Ref from Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, p.50 written in Croatian</ref> ''also'' know as Serbo-Croatian, based on Neo Štokavian<ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg]</ref>)
Modern times
* Croatian (Croatian Literary Standard, standardise language)

==Words from the Old Vela Luka Dialect - Staro Luški==
Old Vela Luka Dialect - '''English''' - Croatian
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* A boje da ni - yes of course it is - Dakako da jeste
* adio - goodbye - doviđenja (addio: meaning in Italian goodbye)
* adojat - to please (aldojat: meaning in Romance Dalmatian ''to feel at home, to be settled'')
* afitat - rent ('''Venetian Italian''': afìt)
* aimemeni ''or'' aime meni - poor me ''or'' oh dear, dear me
* alavia - done properly ''or'' it's Ok!, just right - u redu (Romance Dalmatian ''just right'')
* apoteka - pharmacy (Venetian: apoteca, '''Greek''': Apotheke)
* arbol - ship's mast
* aria - air - zdrak (Venetian: aria)
* arma - armed (Venetian: arma)
* ašeta - a type of tool
* avižat <ref>The ž is is pronounced ''zh''.</ref> - to arrive - došao
* bala - dance - plesati (Venetian: baleto)
* balanca - balance, weighing scale
* baleta - bullet - metak (Venetian: bal)
* banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means ''side & flank'')
* balun - football (Venetian: balón)
* banak - bench (Venetian: banca) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jz2V1LL2u1YC&pg=PA19&dq=Bench+seat++in+Venetian&hl=en&ei=DSEbTb--Komlcb6vlLMK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venetian-English English-Venetian:] When in Venice Do as the Venetians ''by'' Lodovico Pizzati (p19)</ref>
* baraka - shed ''or'' shack (Venetian: baràca)
* barba - uncle - stric (Venetian: barba)
* bareta - cap, hat (Venetian: baret)
* barilo - barrel (Venetian: barìla)
* barka - type of local boat (Venetian: bàrca)
* bašje - lower (Romance Dalmatian: ''bas de'')
* bat - a type of hammer (Venetian: batu meaning to strike)
* bevanda - wine with water - vino sa vodom (Venetian: bevànda ''"watery wine"'')
* beštija - animal - životinja ('''Latin''': bestia ''also'' beast)
* beštimat - swear (Venetian: bestiemàr)
* bičve - socks - čarape
* bićerin - small glass (Venetian: bicér ''"glass"'')
* bilo - white - bjelo
* bira - beer - pivo (Venetian: bira)
* bluza - female shirt - ženska košulja
* Brigela - local nickname (Venetian: brighela ''joker'')
* brokva - nail
* bobon - lolly
* boca - bottle - flaša (Venetian: boca)
* bome - of course - naravno (Romance Dalmatian: bome)
* bonaca - the sea is dead calm (Venetian: bonàça)
* botilja - bottle ('''Romance Dalmatian''': ''botaila'')
* botun - button (Romance Dalmatian: ''botaun'')
* bravo - well done
* buka - noisy - glasan (Romance Dalmatian: buka)
* bukva - herring
* bura - local wind (Venetian: bora)
* burlsa - bag
* butiga - shop
* buža - hole - rupa (Venetian: bus ''or'' buxa)
* cilo - wine without water - vino bez vode
* Cilo doba sam bi tu - I was there all along - Tu sam bio neprestano
* cima - rope’s end (also called bitter end); rope put overboard; edge, end or tip of something. Origin: The earliest record of the term is the Italian - cima, at the beginning of the 17th century. <ref>Lingua Franca in the Dalmatian Fishing and Nautical Terminology by J.Božanić</ref>
* cukar - sugar - šečer (Venetian: sucaro)
* čakule - gossip (č is ch)
* čagalj - jackal
* čejad - people - ljudi
* ćìkara - small cup - šalica (Venetian: chicara)
* čorav - blind (Venetian: ciòro ''"blind person"'')
* damižana - a netted bottle
* daska - small plank
* daž - rain - kiša
* '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
* denti - teeth - zubi (Romance Dalmatian)
* dobota - nearly - (Venetian: dedoto ''or'' doboto)
* dreto - straight (Romance Dalmatian: drat)
* di - where - gdje
* dite - child - djete
* Di greš?- Where are you going?
* Di si? Where are you?
* Esi ija? ''or'' Esi izja? - Did you eat?
* ižejat - to work out ''or'' improvise
* ipo - half
* iza - after ''or'' above
* izija - ate
* izvrtit - to undo a screw
* faca - face - lice (Venetian: faca)
* fabrika - factory - tvornica (Latin: fabrica- manufacture ''or'' to craft, trade, art, trick, device)
* fabrikat - to trick
* falso - fake (Venetian: falso "liar")
* farmacia - pharmacy - Apoteka (Romance Dalmatian)
* fatiga - work - radi
* febra - fever
* feral - a gas or petroleum lamp for attracting fish (night fishing). Also in Venetian feral means "lamp".
* fermai - stop - stani (Italian: fermare ''verb'' 'stop')
* feta - slice (Venetian: feta)
* feca - wine sludge
* figura - figure (Venetian: figura)
* fjaka - When one feels sleepy on a lazy summer day afternoon.
* forma - shape (Venetian: forma)
* fraja - to go out and have a good time (Venetian: fraja-happy company ''or'' happy bunch)
* fratar - brother - brat (Romance Dalmatian)
* frigati - to fry (Romance Dalmatian: fregur)
* '''frižul''' - a spot to have a chat, on a stone bench <ref>''''Da Se Ne Zaboravi''': Rječnik, Stare Priče, Običaji i Zanati u Blatu na Otoku Korčuli' ''by'' Žanetić Pudarić, Blato 2009 (''Eng:'' Let's Not Forget: Dictionary, Old Stories, Customs and Trades in Blato on the Island of Korcula)
. In Croatian, meaning taken from the book: ''"ižul - niska kamena klupa uz kuću koja služi za odmaranje, ćakulu, za prtit stoku, itd (a low stone bench next to the house that is used for resting, discussions ....., etc."''</ref> (Romance Dalmatian: faul ''or'' faular, meaning to speak)
* forca - power (apply with strength)
* fortuna - strong wind
* fratar - priest (Latin: frater ''meaning'' brother)
* fuga - gap (Latin: flight, escape)
* fumar - chimney (Venetian: fuma ''meaning'' smoke)
* fumati - smoking - pušiti
* furešti - foreigner - stranac
* gače - pants
* gira - a fish from [[Croatia]].
* gradele - grill - roštilj; sprava za pečenje na žaru (Venetian:graèla)
* gre - going
* grintav - they are in a bad mood
* griža - a form of very hard stone
* gundula - type of boat
* gusti - enjoyment (Venetian: gusto-pleasurable)
* gusto - thick
* gustrina - underground rainwater reservoir
* guzica - bottom
* hoča ''or'' homoča (more group related) - lets go
* kacavida - screwdriver
* kadena - chain (Romance Dalmatian:''kataina'')
* kajić - type of local boat
* kajiš - belt
* '''Kalafat''' - means masters (shipyard workers) who filled the fissures between boards on a wooden boat.
* kamara - bedroom - soba (Latin: camera-vault, vaulted room)
* kantat - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)
* kapelīn - small female hat - maleni ženski šešir (Venetian: capelìn ''or'' piccolo cappello)
* kapula - onion - luk (Romance Dalmatian: ''kapula'')
* karoca - small carriage (Venetian: carosa)
* kašeta - small wooden box
* kašun - large box
* katrida - chair - stolica (Romance Dalmatian: '' katraida'')
* katun - corner (Latin: cantus)
* '''klapa''' - an a cappella form of music <ref>The traditional '''Klapa''' was composed of around half of dozen male singers (in recent times there are ''female'' Klape groups). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavic-Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman population of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. Church music heavily influences the arrangements. The modern Klapa style was established in the 1960s.</ref> (Venetian: clapa ''"singing crowd"'')
* keleh - the floor
* kolbuk - hat
* koltrine - curtains (Venetian: coltrina)
* konoba - cellar
* kontra - against - protiv (Latin: contra)
* korač - hammer
* koraj - full of himself - (Venetian: coràjo ''means'' courage)
* kormilo - rudder
* krepa - died - umro (Venetian: crepar meaning '''die''' ''also'' means crack)
* kuntra - bump into
* kušin - pillow - uzglavlje ''or'' jastuk (Venetian: cussin)
* kužina - kitchen - kuhinja (Venetian: cuxìna)
* kužin - cousin - rođak (Venetian: cuxìn)

{{col-break}}
* lacun - bed sheets (Romance Dalmatian: lenzul)
* lamin - sheetmetal bucket
* lanterna - lighthouse - svjetionik (Venetian: lanterna)
* lapis - pencil - olovka (Venetian: apis)
* lata - tin (Venetian: lata)
* lavadin - washbasin (Venetian: lavandin)
* laz - a small part of a agriculturally worked land.
* leć - sleep - spavati (Romance Dalmatian: lat ''meaning'' bed)
* lešada - a type of fish soup (boiled)/ Lesada in Venetian means ''boil''.
* leut - type of local boat
* levant - local wind
* libro - book - knjiga
* licenca - licence - dozvola (Venetian: icenca)
* lipo - nice ''or'' beautiful - ljepo
* očetavat - to unhook, sort out
* mahnit - crazy, unstable, nuts
* maistral - local coastal wind
* makina - machine
* makina od pranja- washing machine
* '''Malandrin''' - Local nickname. In Venetian it means: ''dishonest or crook''
* mapa - map (Venetian: mapa)
* Maragun - wood worker (Venetian: Marangòn)
* maza - to be spoiled, the spoiled one (Venetian: maza)
* Ma ''or'' mat - mother - majka
* mećat - to throw
* meja - a stone wall in the field (drystone fence, Ita: muretto a secco)
* mezo - in between (Venetian: mèzo ''"half"'')
* Mi povidamo na našu ''or'' Mi pripovidamo na našu- Mi pričamo naš jezik (in neoshtokavian)
* mir/ wall - Dalmatian: mir (Croatian: ''zid'')
* mlinko - milk
* mola - let go
* motika - local agricultural tool
* mudante - underwear (Venetian: mudande)
* munita - change ''money'' (Romance Dalmatian: monaita)
* munka - flour - brašno
* noštromo - boatswain
* ofinditi - to insult
* parlaš - talking - govoriti (Venetian: ''he speaks'' ''or'' Romance Dalmatian: palaura ''meaning'' word)
* parti - leaving
* pamidora - tomato ('''Italian''': pamidore)
* pandur - policemen - policija (Venetian: panduro)
* panja - bread - kruh
* papit - this ''word'' is used when feeding a child - jedi djete (Venetian: papa-means ''baby food'')
* patakuni - small change - mali/sitni novac (Romance Dalmatian)
* patalone - pants
* perun - fork (Venetian: pirón ''from'' [[Greece|Greek]]: pirouni)
* piat ''or'' pijat - plate
* pikolo - small, little (Venetian: picolo)
* '''Pelišac''' - Pelješac (other names used: Pelisac, Stonski Rat, Puncta Stagni, Ponta di Stagno and Sabioncello)
* pirula - pill - tableta (Venetian: pirola)
* pistun - piston (Venetian: piston)
* priša - in a hurry - (Venetian: presá - meaning ''hast'')
* prusura/frying pan - Dalmatian: prasura <ref>Nikola Vuletić - Croatian in the Mediterranean Context: Language Contacts in the Early Modern Croatian Lexicography </ref>
* pitura - paint (Venetian: pitura-painting)
* piz - weight (Latin origin, Venetian: pexa meaning ''weighing'')
* '''poć na ribe''' - going fishing - ići na ribanje
* pod - upper floor (Venetian: podolo - meaning ''balcony'')
* popričat - lets discuss
* postelja - bed - krevet
* postoli - shoes - cipele
* pripovidat - to tell a story
* probi - penetrate
* provaj - give it a try, to test it out (Venetian: pròva - meaning ''test'')
* prskat - mini shower
* prat- wash
* pule - baby donkey
* punte - points
* punistra - window (Latin: fenestra)
* puntižel - plank, board
* reful - small strong wind ''a gust''
* regeta - light sheet metal
* rič - word
* ritko - not often
* roba - clothes - odjeća
* rotunda - circular dry stone building - vrtujak
* sak - bag (Venetian: saco)
* senjat - to mark
* setemana - week - tijedan (Venetian: setemana)
* skala - stairs (Venetian: scala, scalinada)
* skula - school - škola
* skuža - understood, work it out
* snig - snow - snjeg
* spim - I'm sleeping
* spirit - ghost - duh
* spiza - food - hrana
* soldi - money - novac (Latin: solidus)
* soto - underneath - ispod (Venetian: sot ''or'' soto)
* sritan - happy or lucky - sretan
* stezi - tighten
* šegac - saw
* šestan - attractive or good looking (Venetian:sesto-grace, well mannered)
* šija - reverse - natrag
* šiloko - local wind (Venetian: siròco)
* škina - back (spine) - leđa
* škoj - island - otok
* škver - shipyard - brodgradilište
* špina - tap (Venetian: spina)
* špirit - ghost - duh (Venetian: spirito. In local Vallegrande Speak it can mean strong alcohol)
* šporko - dirty (Venetian: spórco)
* štivo - book - Knjiga
* štrada - street - ulica (Italian: strada)
* šufit - attic ''or'' loft (Venetian: sofìta)
* šugaman - beach towel
* šujat - to trick
* takat - to roll olives ''to'' remove leaves
* tanac - dance - ples
* tastamenat - confession or a ''will''
* tata - father - otac (Latin Romance language Dalmatian: Tuota)
* tavajola - tablecloth (Venetian: toaja)
* teće - leaking
* tereina or teća - metal bowl (Venetian: tereina)
* terpeza - table - stol
* tira - pull
* timul - driving wheel, ships or boats wheel, rudder (Venetian: timon)
* torta - a type of cake (Romance language Dalmatian: Turta)
* tovar - donkey - magarac
* traversa - apron - pregača (Venetian: traversa)
* tudin - small round steel bar
* ura - hour - jedan sat
* umideca - damp - vlaga (Venetian: umidic)
* vagun - ten tones
* vala - bay'' (vale - bays)''
* vapor - ferry - trajekt (Venetian: Bapor meaning ''steamship'')
* vara vamo - move on ''or'' move over there, these are commands ''for'' local donkeys when on the move
* vedro - clear sky (Romance Dalmatian: vedar - ''to see'')
* vesta - dress - ženska haljina (Venetian: garment, vestir: dress)
* '''vela''' - big - veliko
* vida - screw
* Vi ga niste vidili - You did not see him.
* vlasi - hair - kosa
* volja - desire, wanting too, mood - želja (Venetian: wish, desire, Can be used i.e. Nije mi volja. Meaning - I'm not in the mood ''or'' I'm not feeling too good.
* zamantan - crazy - lud
* zamuti - to stir
* Za fatigu je just - For work he is perfect - Za posao je izvrstan
* Zapiha sam se - I've lost my breath - izgubio sam zdrak
* zrcalo - mirror - ogledalo
* zeje - local dish
* žeja - thirsty (the ž is pronounced zh)
* želizo - axe - sjekira
* žmul - glass - čaša
{{col-end}}
</div>

== Additional History ==
Trying to re-tell the history of this part of the world (old Dalmatia part of [[Croatia]]) is fraught with problems. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Communist party]] was the main driving force in all social matters within the former Yugoslavia. It created historic falsehoods to promote its own aggressive political authoritarian agenda.

We can definitely confirm that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103) {{quote|
''In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent.'' }}</ref><ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237)</ref><ref>N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p83) </ref>, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent.

Two languages became the norm on the island, firstly the Romance Latin language called ''Dalmatian'', then we have the '''arrival''' of old Slavic [[Croatia|Croatian Chakavian]] language. With time these languages started to overlap with a form of '''bilingualism''' being created (with the written language being [[Latin]]). The fact that Slavs from the old neighbouring [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]] also spoke old Slavic Chakavian could indicate that this group of Slavs came from the same ''or'' similar tribal group.

When the Serbian forces were annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' by the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] (Ottoman Turkish: دولت عليه عثماني) in '''1389''' a large group of peoples started a exodus westward (Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire - Turks in 1453). Venetian Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci, Montenegrins, Albanians, Serbs & others) and add to the fact that the Black Plague <ref>Korcula was devastated by the plague in 1529 and 1558.{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': " A plague devastated the town in 1529, depleting the population. The burned houses of infected persons, called kućišta..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZyOYDrSkX80C&pg=PA239&dq=Italian+population+Curzola&hl=en&ei=3ptXTcqwOIjSuwPI3NyrBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Italian%20population%20Curzola&f=false The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition)] by F Hamilton Jackson (p239)</ref><ref>Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007 by Nikola Bačić 2007: " ''13. EPIDEMIC 1617. It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation for their homeland were extinct.''"</ref> depleted the island's population the Venetian authorities saw a need to bring new families to the island of Korčula. Amongst these were Western Shtokavian Slavic speakers. With these new added migrations the Slavic speakers became a strong majority. This applies more to west end of the island, with the village of Račišće being the exception (the village is in the eastern part of the island).

If the translation of the [[Defence of Korcula|Defence of Korčula]]  from Ottoman Turkish Attack in 1571 (Corcyrae Melenae Opus - Antonii Rosanei), originally written by Antun (Antonio) Rozanovic is ''untainted'', we can see that the majority of the defenders of the island were by 1571 of Slavic decent. If we use this as a reference, then from the mid 16th century onwards the majority of Korčula's population was indeed of Slavic origins.

===Old Vela Luka Dialect Evolved Late 18th Century===

Vela Luka's first beginnings as a town, are from the late 17th century (late 1600s). It started with the population of the neighbouring Blato <ref>In Croatian blato means ''mud'' it also has been said the word is related to ''water'' referring to the once lake in neighbouring field</ref> setting up a town with a port in the large bay of Vela Luka (Vallegrande ''or'' Latin: vallem maximam). Zvonko Maričić (Maricich) states in the late 1500s there where already five buildings in the bay (one being a church). The buildings belong to Ismaelli, Gabrielli, Canavelli<ref> In re-written modern Croatian: Kanavelić</ref> and Kolovic.

Then around the 1690s <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p207)</ref> there were additional twelve households (written in modern Croatian): Draginić, Tulić, Nalošić, Kostričić, Cetinić, Mirošević, [[Directory:Zuvela‎‎|Žuvela]], Prižmić, Marinović, Dragojević, Barčot and Surjan.

Old Vela Luka Dialect is an off shoot of the language spoken in '''17th-18th century''' town of Blato. Etymology of Vallegrande would translate as large bay. From Latin ''grandis'' means large, big whilst ' valle ' in local dialect means bays. Valle (plural) is most probably of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian origin which was spoken by '''Latin Dalmatians'''. The modern name, Vela Luka is an old Croatian translation of Vallegrande, Vela meaning ''large'' and Luka meaning ''bay'' or even port. Within the Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola (Statute of Korčula Town) the written version from 1427, Vela Luka the bay is mention also as "''vela Luca''". With this record we have Croatian-Slavic language influences in the first half of 15th century. The first written Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola was by the Dalmatian Latins and possibly the new Slavic nobility in 1214.

Very important to note there is a strong element of Italian Venetian within Old Vela Luka Dialect. By the time of 15th and 16th century the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (more in the west end) spoke Old Croatian with a small remnants of the Romance Dalmatian language and with heavy influences of Italian Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). During the rule of the Republic of Venice (from 1420 to 1797) saw the disappearance of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian.

It also has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

One could easily say that now the 'Old Vela Luka Dialect' (Staro Luški govor) is slowly becoming extinct. Successive Yugoslavian governments, be it the Communist Yugoslavian regime (1945-91) or the earlier Kingdom of Yugoslavia, pushed a Pan-Slavic and Croatian Nationalistic political rule. One of their policies in Dalmatia was Slavicisation of the culture, language and history. Before Yugoslavia came into being the policy was first started to be implemented by Austro-Hungarian Empire, so the original '''Mr Gabrielli''' became Gabrijeliċ. It takes only one generation to change a language, two generations for it too cease to exist. Today's dialect in Vela Luka (Luški Govor, English: Old Vela Luka Speak) is different and has incorporated much of the standardised modern Croatian language (Croatian Literary Standard).

'''Note''': From the late 19th century onwards the old [[Dalmatian Italians#The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia |Dalmatian]] culture has been all but disappearing from the region.
The last Italian-language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': The island of Korcula was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1815 to 1918). It was within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien). In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia ''' (Königreich Kroatien) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce (a process of [[Croatisation]]) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illyrian (Illirski). It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar. </ref>
* Information below taken from Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci )</ref>}}

[[File:734653 405215212895995 137846031 n.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula in the 1890s.]]

== Names of Bays, Fields and Parts of the Town==
* Bad (part of Vela Luka) meaning banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means side & flank)
*'Kale' means ''road'' in Romance language Dalmatian: ''Cale'', (Latin: ''callis'' or path, pathway, sideway, lane, forest pastures, footpath)
* Guvno (part of Vela Luka)
* Bobovišċa (once not part of Vela Luka but now is)
* Vranac
* Gradina (a small bay, west of Vela Luka)
* Bradat (a field near Vela Luka)

== See also ==
* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

</div>

==External Links==
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/venetian.htm Venetian Language - www.omniglot.com]

==Notes & References==
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|155px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
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[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|250px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|425px| Croatia (Hrvatska)]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčulanski]]
[[Keyword:=Directory:Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Corzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Korzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian dialect]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Latin]]
[[Keyword:=Klapa]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Guvno]]
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]

<br> 

<br clear="all"> 
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">

</div>
<br>

Croatian Identity

2024-08-13T05:48:43Z

Peter Z.: /* Editor's Note */Rv

The first factual primary source, to mention the [[Croatia|Croatian]] (Hrvat) identity was that of '''Duke Branimir''' (written in Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Duke Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.

* [http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/staff/danijel-dzino.html Dr Danijel Dzino] of Macquarie University, Sydney Australia writes: {{quote|
''The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all.'' <ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino</ref>}}
==The Terms Slav and Croatian==
'''Slav''' as a term was first used by the Byzantine's - Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius, Byzantine scholar, 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (events cia. 518 <ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=zlYSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Europe's Barbarians AD 200-600] By Edward James (p95), Procopius: History of the Wars 545 AD </ref>) in Greek: Σκλαβῖνοι (Sklabenoi ''or'' sklaboi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Ancient Roman <ref>Pliny the Elder: Natural History, Latin: Naturalis Historia 77 AD </ref> and Greek communities also referred to the early Slavic peoples as Veneti and Antes.

Raid activity by various Slavic tribes within the southern Danube region started in the 6th century.

'''Hrvat''' is a word of Sarmatian (Persian) origins. <ref>Note: The Sarmatian tribes have been referred to as being Persian in origin (modern: ''Iranian people'').</ref> In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in [[Greece|Greek]] and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had mainly a mix of Greek - Sarmatian population.
[[File:422px-Horovathos.jpg|thumb|right|125px|'''Tanais Tablet''' B containing the word Χοροάθος (Horoáthos). It has also be written as Khoroáthos.]]

'''Contact Between Slavic and Sarmatian Tribes'''

From the information above ''one'' can conclude that we are dealing with '''contact''' between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes from late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat (through etymology) which translates to English as Croat. Radoslav Katicich (Katičić) a Croatian linguist (and a classical philologist, Indo-Europeanist, Slavist and Indologist) said that the names from the Tanais Tablet are personal and not national ones.<ref> Two Public Inscriptions from the Greek Colony of Tanais at the Mouth of the Don River on the Sea of Azov ''by'' Ante Skegro (p.17)</ref> Furthermore it also could be said that these names are not related to any ethnic identity. Historically the term Croat became fully established as a ''constructed identity'' in the 19th century.

'''Recent DNA Studies'''

It is also very interesting to note that recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago.<ref>[http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/prezivjeli-ledeno-doba-hrvati-su-prastanovnici-europe-clanak-300151 Vecernji.hr: Preživjeli ledeno doba: Hrvati su prastanovnici Europe] ''(Vecernji.hr: Surviving an Ice Age: the Croats are descendants of prehistoric Europeans)''
* The article reports on the research work (12 years) of: prof. dr. Dragan Primorac, prof. dr. Pavle Rudan, prof. dr. Damir Marjanović, prof. dr. Peter Underhil and prof. dr. Richard Williams. Article released '''14-06-2011'''</ref> From a DNA studies perspective, the peoples who were living in Roman Dalmatia (''prior'' to the arrival of Slavic tribes) were genetically dominant and remain so to this day. The peoples who were living in Roman Dalmatia in that period predominately were of an Illyrian population. <ref>Note: Other peoples in the region were Liburnians (related to Illyrians), Celts, [[Greece|Greeks]], Latins, Guduscani (''"It has been assumed, that they were part of the Vandals, Goths or Lombards."'' '''referenced''' from: [http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/guduscani self.gutenberg.org:] ), Ostrogoths (the last mentioned ''[[Germany|Germanic]] tribe'' is related to the Goths).</ref>

== Settlement of the Slavs in Roman Dalmatia ==

Slavic tribes invaded the region of [[Dalmatian Italians#Roman Dalmatia |Roman Dalmatia]] in the early Middle Ages. Contemporary historian Danijel Dzino states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are '''questionable'''. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs invading the region. According to historians ''Florin Curta'' and Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day (Greco-Roman) to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a '''later stage'''. Thus began the '''construct''' identity of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups. There was also a good deal of interaction between the groups as shown by DNA studies.
[[File:800px-Bascanska ploca.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Baska tablet 1100 AD from Baska, on the island of Krk-[[Croatia]].]]
The issue of dates is an interesting one. Historians from the 18th and 19th century place the ''settlement'' of the Slavs into the Western Balkans in the 7th century but the more modern research undertaken by scholars and archaeologists<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref> cannot confirm this. The settlement of the Slavs in small groups has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century .<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref> The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia. Also there are no '''contemporary''' written records about the invasion/migration/settlement, about the events as a whole ''and'' the area itself.

The Baska tablet from 1100 AD records that they spoke old Slavic Chakavian (listen). [http://www.croatianhistory.net/glagoljica/baska.mp3 Baska tablet-mp3] <ref>Note ''Baska tablet'' was translated in 1875, it's language is Old Slavic Croatian Chakavian with elements of liturgical Church Slavonic.</ref>

=Editor's Note=
'''Duke Branimir''' from the 880s, spoke old Croatian Slavic (Chakavian) and was from the Dalmatian hinterland. Mr Branimir is, I believe the first Croatian ''or'' the first Southern Slav to describe himself as a Croatian. In my opinion his tribe, who were the old Slavic Chakavian speakers, are the first recorded Croatians (recorded as such and based on the current records that we have the ''Harvat tribe'', modern: Hrvati <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced "'''Harvat'''" or Hrovat. It was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref>). We can safely assume that Branimir's tribe goes back a few generations, especially since they had their own language i.e. Old Croatian Chakavian.

The early medieval Western Balkans must have had multiple small Slavic ethnic tribes. In some cases the newly arrived Slavs lived amongst the population that was there prior to their arrival. It is my opinion that for whatever reason it appears that their history has not been recorded accurately ''or'' not recorded at all (it evolved into frontier country, 'borderland').

From a Greco-Roman perspective they were all identified as Slavs. Most probably based on rough linguistic-language classification. The Slavs found themselves living in a '''medieval multi-ethnic''' region; Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks, Guduscani, Ostrogoths and others. It has been mention that there is a possibility that further back in time other ethnic groups were within the Slavic tribes. This could explain the Persian (Sarmatian) connection.

It was the most powerful chieftains (the main political players) who left a '''mark''' on history. Taking this into account, over a period of time in the middle ages we have new '''political identities''' of Southern Slavs emerging (regionally based ''or'' names brought with them). Among these were Croatians, Narentines, Bulgarians<ref>Bulgarians also have a strong historic association with Turkic semi-nomadic tribes. It has been written that in early medieval times the Bulgar elite spoke a language that was a member of the Turkic language group. </ref>, Bosnians, Serbs (Raška) etc.

It is true that some of the origins of some of these words denoting southern Slavic groups (i.e. Harvat, Horvat) can be traced further back in history. Some have wrongly associated the etymology of these words to proclaim ethnicities or national identities back deep into the past. To my understanding there is no real hard historic proof that these ethnic identities existed (i.e. Harvat, Horvat).

When the Serbian forces were annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' by the [[Directory:Turkey|Ottoman Empire]] in '''1389''' very large groups of peoples started to migrate westward (Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453). The Ottomans (Turks) caused huge instability in the area and actually managed to twice besiege Vienna (Austria). The Western Balkans from that period forward began to acquire new groups of people in its regions (i.e.,Eastern Croats, Albanians, Serbs, Greeks, Turks & others), thus creating new ethnic mixes. I believe that due to these events the old Slavic '''tribal''' borders, what was left of them, changed forever during the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.
== Language and Identity - Politics of Language Standardisation ==
The old language groups which have become diluted over time and are slowly becoming extinct ('''now referred''' to as dialects) may reflect some of the many original Slavic tribes who invaded Roman Dalmatia.

It is important to stress that these dialects in early medieval time could have been seen as languages (and separate tribes, but was not important enough to be documented by the Greco-Roman-Frankish Community). Current main dialect groups within modern Croatia are:
* Chakavian dialect
* Kajkavian dialect
* Shtokavian dialect

[[File:300px-Serbo croatian dialects historical distribution.png|thumb|right|450px| Distribution of central South Slavic dialects '''before 16th century''' migrations.In blue Chakavian dialect witch could have gone further south before they intermixed.]]The ''politics'' of language standardisation is the issue at heart when it comes to the telling of the story of the modern Southern Slavic languages. In the 19th century, Slavic language standardisation (Neo Shtokavian) entered firmly into the mix.<ref>Other languages commonly used in the region included, Romance Dalmatian, Old Venetian, Hungarian (Magyars) and written Latin.</ref> This event had a huge influence on the region and its impact has to be '''fully examined'''. One question which can be asked.

''Did the 19th century scholars and linguists (mainly the Illyrian Movement from the Habsburg Empire) do their research scientifically or were they seriously influenced by the politics of the 19th Century Pan Slavic movement? Plus - is it continuing today?''

In this editors opinion, the answer is '''yes''' - they were very seriously influenced by the politics of the Pan-Slavic movement? The Pan slavic movement was heavily influenced by '''European Imperialism''' with an overriding attitude directed towards creating a unifying language for a state that negated the history of the various southern slavic and other language bases that were part of the Western Balkans. With this in mind the linguist of the day created a construct Croato-Serbian language (''or'' Serbo-Croatian) with a Neo-Shtokavian base.

In 1918 a construct Neo Shtokavian (Croato-Serbian) language was introduced by government policy as the main language to be used within the created state of Yugoslavia (a mini version Pan-Slavic state). Before Yugoslavia was established the policy had already started to be implemented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the west-end of the Balkans and it was also being implemented in the east, in the Kingdom of Serbia.

There appears to be a common misconception in the former Yugoslavian regions that if you are taught and you learn to speak the standardised Croato-Serbian language (Neo Shtokavian) that you have historical connections to a particular ethnic group. This is not necessarily factual as many other ethnic groups, with various ethnic backgrounds, were caught up in this system of standardisation. These people were being forced to speak a ''common standardised language'' (Serbo-Croatian<ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref>, Neo Shtokavian). This does not accurately reflect the actual ancestry and ethnic history of the speaker (i.e is a Welshman a Englishman now that he can speak English?).
====Extreme Pan-Slavic, Nationalistic, Communist Ideologies and Croatia====
Another important question to ask is '''how far''' back does one go in proclaiming Croatian Identity and nationhood (or any other nationhood)? In the past the Yugoslav Communist party, Pan-Slavists and the Croatian Nationalistic movements have taken this to extremes. These extreme Pan-Slavic, Nationalistic and Communist ideologies, regarding language, ethnicity and history who are clinging to beliefs based on a false history of a single nationhood have created a great deal of pain, destruction and falsehoods.

For example does a seventh generation [[Australia|Australian]] with English background start saying in modern Australia that he is a '''Saxon''' and start a nationalistic movement to assert his beliefs upon others. On the other hand certain historic perspectives in which it is states that there is no Croatian Identity or medieval peoples is incorrect. From this Editors perspective there is strong evidence that we are looking at a tribe that settled in the northern Dalmatian Hinterland and it's surrounding area who for a brief moment in history dominated the region of the western Balkans.
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|375px|The Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire. 476 AD]]
[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb|right|375px|'' Medieval Croatia in the 9th century- Croatian Dutcy (Map by Hxseek)'']]
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|425px| Modern Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

== See also ==
* [[Directory:Croatia|Medieval Croatian]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]
==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>

==External Links==
*[http://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Central-Eastern-Europe-450-1450/dp/9004186468/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3/177-6862126-4437845 Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat] (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450) by Dr Danijel Dzino
*[http://www.anchist.mq.edu.au/staff/danijel-dzino.html Dr Danijel Dzino] - Macquarie University, Sydney Australia
*[http://www.brill.nl/becoming-slav-becoming-croat#.Tl11w-V-aw0 Brill Academic Publishers:] "Founded in 1683, Brill is a publishing house with a rich history and a strong international focus."
* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government of the Republic Croatia - Official Web Portal]

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|300px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Name:=Croatia]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian]]
[[Keyword:=Identity]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian Identity]]
[[Keyword:=Prince Branimir]]
[[Keyword:=Danijel Dzino]]
[[Keyword:=Florin Curta]]
</div>
<br>

Directory:Croatia

2024-07-27T06:05:11Z

Peter Z.: rv fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Medieval Croatia}}
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|375px|The Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire. 476 AD]]
[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb|right|375px|'' Medieval Croatia (Map by Hxseek)'']]

'''Medieval Croatia''' evolved from province of the old Roman Empire named '''Dalmatia'''. From 480 to 535 AD the former province of Roman Dalmatia was ruled by the Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths). After the collapse of the Ostrogoth Kingdom it was divided between the '''Byzantine Empire''' and the '''Carolingian Empire''' - Franks (the old Roman neighbouring province of Pannonia was at one stage under the Avar, the ''Avar Khanate'' <ref>"Avar, one of a people of undetermined Euro-Asian origin and language, who played an important role in eastern Europe (6th–9th century)" '''referenced''' from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar The Slavs and Avar at one stage had a shared history.</ref>, later Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavs). Both the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire created their own Dalmatian Ducatus. The Dalmatian province had a Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks and the '''late arrivals''', Slavs.

With time one of the Slavic tribes <ref>Slav as a term was first used by the Byzantine's - Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius, Byzantine scholar, 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (Procopius: History of the Wars 545 AD) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi or sklaboi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Ancient Roman-Greek communities also referred to the early Slavic peoples as Veneti and Antes. Raid activity by various Slavic tribes within the southern Danube region started in the 6th century.</ref> within Dalmatian Ducatus of the Carolingian Empire became the '''political elite''' and then the leaders (dux) of the province (i.e. Muisclavo modern: ''Mislav'', Trepimerus/Trepimer modern: Trpimir I, etc.).

The fore-mentioned Slavic political elite from the late 9th century onwards were referred to as Cruatorum. This was the first time that the [[Croatian Identity|Croatian identity]] (Hrvat) was used c. 880 AD.<ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino
*''"The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all."''</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Cruatorum is a '''Latin''' translation of Hrvat. <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced '''Harvat''' or '''Hrovat'''. Hrovat was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref><ref>Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). It has also be written as Khoroáthos. They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, [[Russia]]. At that time the region had a mixed [[Greece|Greek]]-Sarmatian population.

'''Editors note''': From the information above one can conclude that we are dealing with contact between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes (of Persian origins) from the late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat which translates to English as Croat.</ref> In 879 the Croatian Duke Branimir received recognition from Pope John VIII as it became an independent state. The Dalmatian Ducatus was renamed Ducatus Croatiae. It had periods of vassalage under the Franks. Later it became a kingdom that was called the Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia 925–1102 AD, Croatian: Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo).

It had no permanent seat, Nin, Klis, Bijaci, Knin and Biograd na Moru where some of the towns that have been mentioned. The Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries.

== Kingdom of Croatia ==

The new Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by Slavic nobility from the Dalmatian hinterland. The kingdom was named after the ruling class, which in turn ruled a medieval multi-ethnic state.

The Kingdom of Croatia with time became a powerful military state and expanded its borders. It had conflicts with the Hungarians (Magyars), Bulgarians and the Byzantine Empire (aka Eastern Roman Empire, please note they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum, Greek: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmania).

As well as being a Christian state it then later became Catholic (the Slavs were pagans upon arrival in Roman Dalmatia). King Demetrius Zvonimir (1075-1089) took an oath of allegiance to Pope Gregory VII. It’s written language was Latin and Croatian Glagolitic. The Slavic rulers spoke old Croatian (Slavic) Chakavian. According to the theologian Godescalc a form of Latin was also spoken in the court of Duke Trpmir (Trepimerus) <ref>Godescalc, ''De Praedestinatione''. He was a Saxon theologian, monk and poet. Gottschalk was at Trpimir I court between 846 and 848.</ref>.

The medieval state borders have been a matter of huge debate and will remain so until new historical evidence is found (please read: Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Neven Budak <ref>Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Croatian Historian Neven Budak. Historian and professor at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Link: https://www.academia.edu/11534976/Early_medieval_boundaries_in_Dalmatia_Croatia_8th_11th_centuries_ </ref>). However there is some factual information. Medieval Croatia incorporated Lower Pannonia (also ruled by Slavs). The river Cetina was a major border in the south. The [[Dalmatian Italians#Early History|Roman cities]] of '''Jadera''' (Zara/Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato/Split), '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (Trogir) with their surrounding areas never became part of the state other than for a short period under Peter Kresimir IV. Other parts of the Dalmatian coast did. At times in the north the river Sava was a major border (Lower Pannonia). The region south of the river Cetina has been sometimes historically referred to as Red Croatia,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA62&dq=V.+Klaić+Red+Croatia+John+Fine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8RbkUN3YJ4iZkAW4lIGIAw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=V.%20Klaić%20Red%20Croatia%20John%20Fine&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p62-p63)
John V. A. Fine Jr: {{quote|
''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref> which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.

In the 12th century the state fell into crisis ''then'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia. Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.

Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.
It could be mentioned the Croatia of old had a major influence on the region in terms of language. Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''Lingua Franca'' of the area and started to replace Latin Dalmatian (Romance). This was more present inland at first than the Adriatic coast.

==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
==See also==
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Croatia today (Hrvatska)]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism|Croatia and Communism]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

==External links==
*[http://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Central-Eastern-Europe-450-1450/dp/9004186468/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3/177-6862126-4437845 Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat] (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450) by Dr Danijel Dzino
* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government of the Republic Croatia - Official Web Portal]

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|300px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

</div>
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Name:=Croatia]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=Medieval Croatia]]
[[Keyword:=Prince Branimir]]
[[Keyword:=Danijel Dzino]]
</div>
<br>

Directory:Croatia

2024-07-23T10:11:32Z

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Medieval Croatia}}
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|375px|The Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire. 476 AD]]
[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb|right|375px|'' Medieval Croatia (Map by Hxseek)'']]

'''Medieval Croatia''' evolved from province of the old Roman Empire named '''Dalmatia'''. From 480 to 535 AD the former province of Roman Dalmatia was ruled by the Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths). After the collapse of the Ostrogoth Kingdom it was divided between the '''Byzantine Empire''' and the '''Carolingian Empire''' - Franks (the old Roman neighbouring province of Pannonia was at one stage under the Avar, the ''Avar Khanate'' <ref>"Avar, one of a people of undetermined Euro-Asian origin and language, who played an important role in eastern Europe (6th–9th century)" '''referenced''' from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar The Slavs and Avar at one stage had a shared history.</ref>, later Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavs). Both the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire created their own Dalmatian Ducatus. The Dalmatian province had a Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks, Guduscani<ref>[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/guduscani self.gutenberg.org:] ''"It has been assumed, that they were part of the Vandals, Goths or Lombards."'' </ref> , Ostrogoths and the '''late arrivals''', Slavs.

With time one of the Slavic tribes <ref>Slav as a term was first used by the Byzantine's - Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius, Byzantine scholar, 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (Procopius: History of the Wars 545 AD) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi or sklaboi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Ancient Roman-Greek communities also referred to the early Slavic peoples as Veneti and Antes. Raid activity by various Slavic tribes within the southern Danube region started in the 6th century.</ref> within Dalmatian Ducatus of the Carolingian Empire became the '''political elite''' and then the leaders (dux) of the province (i.e. Muisclavo modern: ''Mislav'', Trepimerus/Trepimer modern: Trpimir I, etc.).

The fore-mentioned Slavic political elite from the late 9th century onwards were referred to as Cruatorum. This was the first time that the [[Croatian Identity|Croatian identity]] (Hrvat) was used c. 880 AD.<ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino
*''"The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all."''</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Cruatorum is a '''Latin''' translation of Hrvat. <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced '''Harvat''' or '''Hrovat'''. Hrovat was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref><ref>Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). It has also be written as Khoroáthos. They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, [[Russia]]. At that time the region had a mixed [[Greece|Greek]]-Sarmatian population.

'''Editors note''': From the information above one can conclude that we are dealing with contact between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes (of Persian origins) from the late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat which translates to English as Croat.</ref> In 879 the Croatian Duke Branimir received recognition from Pope John VIII as it became an independent state. The Dalmatian Ducatus was renamed Ducatus Croatiae. It had periods of vassalage under the Franks. Later it became a kingdom that was called the Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia 925–1102 AD, Croatian: Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo).

It had no permanent seat, Nin, Klis, Bijaci, Knin and Biograd na Moru where some of the towns that have been mentioned. The Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries.

== Kingdom of Croatia ==

The new Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by Slavic nobility from the Dalmatian hinterland. The kingdom was named after the ruling class, which in turn ruled a medieval multi-ethnic state.

The Kingdom of Croatia with time became a powerful military state and expanded its borders. It had conflicts with the Hungarians (Magyars), Bulgarians and the Byzantine Empire (aka Eastern Roman Empire, please note they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum, Greek: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmania).

As well as being a Christian state it then later became Catholic (the Slavs were pagans upon arrival in Roman Dalmatia). King Demetrius Zvonimir (1075-1089) took an oath of allegiance to Pope Gregory VII. It’s written language was Latin and Croatian Glagolitic. The Slavic rulers spoke old Croatian (Slavic) Chakavian. According to the theologian Godescalc a form of Latin was also spoken in the court of Duke Trpmir (Trepimerus) <ref>Godescalc, ''De Praedestinatione''. He was a Saxon theologian, monk and poet. Gottschalk was at Trpimir I court between 846 and 848.</ref>.

The medieval state borders have been a matter of huge debate and will remain so until new historical evidence is found (please read: Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Neven Budak <ref>Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Croatian Historian Neven Budak. Historian and professor at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Link: https://www.academia.edu/11534976/Early_medieval_boundaries_in_Dalmatia_Croatia_8th_11th_centuries_ </ref>). However there is some factual information. Medieval Croatia incorporated Lower Pannonia (also ruled by Slavs). The river Cetina was a major border in the south. The [[Dalmatian Italians#Early History|Roman cities]] of '''Jadera''' (Zara/Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato/Split), '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (Trogir) with their surrounding areas never became part of the state other than for a short period under Peter Kresimir IV. Other parts of the Dalmatian coast did. At times in the north the river Sava was a major border (Lower Pannonia). The region south of the river Cetina has been sometimes historically referred to as Red Croatia,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA62&dq=V.+Klaić+Red+Croatia+John+Fine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8RbkUN3YJ4iZkAW4lIGIAw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=V.%20Klaić%20Red%20Croatia%20John%20Fine&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p62-p63)
John V. A. Fine Jr: {{quote|
''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref> which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.

In the 12th century the state fell into crisis ''then'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia. Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.

Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.
It could be mentioned the Croatia of old had a major influence on the region in terms of language. Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''Lingua Franca'' of the area and started to replace Latin Dalmatian (Romance). This was more present inland at first than the Adriatic coast.

==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
==See also==
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Croatia today (Hrvatska)]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism|Croatia and Communism]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

==External links==
*[http://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Central-Eastern-Europe-450-1450/dp/9004186468/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3/177-6862126-4437845 Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat] (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450) by Dr Danijel Dzino
* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government of the Republic Croatia - Official Web Portal]

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|300px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

</div>
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Name:=Croatia]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=Medieval Croatia]]
[[Keyword:=Prince Branimir]]
[[Keyword:=Danijel Dzino]]
</div>
<br>

Directory:Croatia

2024-07-23T10:09:38Z

Peter Z.: /* Kingdom of Croatia */ fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Medieval Croatia}}
[[File:740px-Roman provinces of Illyricum, Macedonia, Dacia, Moesia, Pannonia and Thracia.jpg|thumb|right|375px|The Roman province of Dalmatia (pink colour) in the Western Roman Empire. 476 AD]]
[[File:Balkans850.png|thumb|right|375px|'' Medieval Croatia (Map by Hxseek)'']]

'''Medieval Croatia''' evolved from province of the old Roman Empire named '''Dalmatia'''. From 480 to 535 AD the former province of Roman Dalmatia was ruled by the Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths). After the collapse of the Ostrogoth Kingdom it was divided between the '''Byzantine Empire''' and the '''Carolingian Empire''' - Franks (the old Roman neighbouring province of Pannonia was at one stage under the Avar, the ''Avar Khanate'' <ref>"Avar, one of a people of undetermined Euro-Asian origin and language, who played an important role in eastern Europe (6th–9th century)" '''referenced''' from: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45428/Avar The Slavs and Avar at one stage had a shared history.</ref>, later Lower Pannonia was ruled by Slavs). Both the Byzantine Empire and the Carolingian Empire created their own Dalmatian Ducatus. The Dalmatian province had a Roman Latin-Illyrian population as well as Liburnians, Greeks, Guduscani<ref>[http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/guduscani self.gutenberg.org:] ''"It has been assumed, that they were part of the Vandals, Goths or Lombards."'' </ref> , Ostrogoths and the '''late arrivals''', Slavs.

With time one of the Slavic tribes <ref>Slav as a term was first used by the Byzantine's - Eastern Roman Empire (i.e. Procopius, Byzantine scholar, 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (Procopius: History of the Wars 545 AD) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi or sklaboi). Later in Latin, Sklabenoi was written Sclaveni. Ancient Roman-Greek communities also referred to the early Slavic peoples as Veneti and Antes. Raid activity by various Slavic tribes within the southern Danube region started in the 6th century.</ref> within Dalmatian Ducatus of the Carolingian Empire became the '''political elite''' and then the leaders (dux) of the province (i.e. Muisclavo modern: ''Mislav'', Trepimerus/Trepimer modern: Trpimir I, etc.).

The fore-mentioned Slavic political elite from the late 9th century onwards were referred to as Cruatorum. This was the first time that the [[Croatian Identity|Croatian identity]] (Hrvat) was used c. 880 AD.<ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino
*''"The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason. The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all."''</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EqNiAAAAMAAJ&q=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&dq=BRANIMIRO+COMITE+DUX+CRUATORUM+cogitavit&hl=en&ei=MljwTfHIIoyKuAOO3_WhBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA A History of the Croatian Language:] by Milan Mogus (p.13)</ref> Cruatorum is a '''Latin''' translation of Hrvat. <ref>It is believed that Hrvat in medieval times was pronounced '''Harvat''' or '''Hrovat'''. Hrovat was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref><ref>Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). It has also be written as Khoroáthos. They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, [[Russia]]. At that time the region had a mixed [[Greece|Greek]]-Sarmatian population.

'''Editors note''': From the information above one can conclude that we are dealing with contact between Slavic and Sarmatian tribes (of Persian origins) from the late antiquity. From a modern day perspective the Sarmatian historical footprint is non existent. All traces of these people have disappeared other than Slavic terms surrounding the word or name Hrvat which translates to English as Croat.</ref> In 879 the Croatian Duke Branimir received recognition from Pope John VIII as it became an independent state. The Dalmatian Ducatus was renamed Ducatus Croatiae. It had periods of vassalage under the Franks. Later it became a kingdom that was called the Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia 925–1102 AD, Croatian: Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo).

It had no permanent seat, Nin, Klis, Bijaci, Knin and Biograd na Moru where some of the towns that have been mentioned. The Kingdom existed as a sovereign state for nearly two centuries.

== Kingdom of Croatia ==

The new Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by Slavic nobility from the Dalmatian hinterland. The kingdom was named after the ruling class, which in turn ruled a medieval multi-ethnic state.

The Kingdom of Croatia with time became a powerful military state and expanded its borders. It had conflicts with the Hungarians (Magyars), Bulgarians and the Byzantine Empire (aka Eastern Roman Empire, please note they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum, Greek: Ῥωμανία, Rhōmania).

As well as being a Christian state it then later became Catholic (the Slavs were pagans upon arrival in Roman Dalmatia). King Demetrius Zvonimir (1075-1089) took an oath of allegiance to Pope Gregory VII. It’s written language was Latin and Croatian Glagolitic. The Slavic rulers spoke old Croatian (Slavic) Chakavian. According to the theologian Godescalc a form of Latin was also spoken in the court of Duke Trpmir (Trepimerus) <ref>Godescalc, ''De Praedestinatione''. He was a Saxon theologian, monk and poet. Gottschalk was at Trpimir I court between 846 and 848.</ref>.

The medieval state borders have been a matter of huge debate and will remain so until new historical evidence is found (please read: Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Neven Budak <ref>Early Medieval Boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th–11th centuries) by Croatian Historian Neven Budak. Historian and professor at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. Link: https://www.academia.edu/11534976/Early_medieval_boundaries_in_Dalmatia_Croatia_8th_11th_centuries_ </ref>). However there is some factual information. Medieval Croatia incorporated Lower Pannonia (also ruled by Slavs). The river Cetina was a major border in the south. The [[Dalmatian Italians#Early History|Roman cities]] of '''Jadera''' (Zara/Zadar), '''Spalatum''' (Spalato/Split), '''Ragusa''' (Dubrovnik) and '''Trau''' (Trogir) with their surrounding areas never became part of the state other than for a short period under Peter Kresimir IV. Other parts of the Dalmatian coast did. At times in the north the river Sava was a major border (Lower Pannonia). The region south of the river Cetina has been sometimes historically referred to as Red Croatia,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA62&dq=V.+Klaić+Red+Croatia+John+Fine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8RbkUN3YJ4iZkAW4lIGIAw&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=V.%20Klaić%20Red%20Croatia%20John%20Fine&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p62-p63)
John V. A. Fine Jr: {{quote|
''F. Rački and V. Klaić think these Croats may have operated not only along the coast but inland as far east as what is now Kosovo, intermixed with Serb or other Slavic tribes...'' }}</ref> which would indicate Croatian influence/settlement was beyond the river Cetina. The Kingdom's borders were further expanded by Prince/King Tomislav and other rulers.

In the 12 century the state fell into crisis ''then'' the neighbouring Hungarians (Magyars) used this opportunity to expand their own state. In 1102 it ceased to exist and it became politically part of the ''Kingdom of Hungary''. It has been written that the relationship firstly started as a union. <ref>'''Note''': It has been mentioned that the Croatian province at first enjoyed a fair amount of independence and retained most of their autonomous position under the Hungarians (Regnum Hungariae).</ref> Parts of Croatian territory later came under Habsburg rule (Habsburg Monarchy was ''renamed'' Austro Hungarian Empire). The political power within the province was transferred from Dalmatia's northern hinterland to the city of Zagreb, further inland (Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, Agram was used in the Habsburg period). Zagreb today is the capital of modern Croatia. Over time the coastal part of Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. The Republic of Venice controlled most of Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.

Within the old Roman province of Dalmatia's borders, history presents it self as a region of Europe that has a very rich, multicultural and multiethnic past.
It could be mentioned the Croatia of old had a major influence on the region in terms of language. Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''Lingua Franca'' of the area and started to replace Latin Dalmatian (Romance). This was more present inland at first than the Adriatic coast.

==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:1; column-count:1;">
<references />
</div>
==See also==
[[File:290px-Croatia topo.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Croatia today (Hrvatska)]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Yugoslavia and Communism|Croatia and Communism]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

==External links==
*[http://www.amazon.com/Becoming-Central-Eastern-Europe-450-1450/dp/9004186468/ref=ntt_at_ep_dpt_3/177-6862126-4437845 Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat] (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450) by Dr Danijel Dzino
* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government of the Republic Croatia - Official Web Portal]

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|300px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

</div>
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Name:=Croatia]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Keyword:=Medieval Croatia]]
[[Keyword:=Prince Branimir]]
[[Keyword:=Danijel Dzino]]
</div>
<br>

Korcula Dialect

2024-05-16T22:47:10Z

Peter Z.: Fix

[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Town of Korcula.

''Photo link for a [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg '''aerial view''' ] of old Korcula Town.'']]
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]] The island of Korcula is marked red.]]

'''Korcula dialect''' (or Korčulanski) is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula. The island of Korčula lies just off the Dalmatian coast in [[Croatia]]. The language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (Old Croatian plus it is also intermixed with Shtokavian). The dialect has remnants of the extinct [[Latin]] Romance language, ''Dalmatian''. The Dalmatian remnants within the dialect have been sometimes referred to as Corzulot. Additionally it has strong influences of Venetian-Italian.

The local dialect in the past was referred (and is still sometimes today) to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''. Sir John Gardner Wilkinson, a 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian, referred to the Dalmatian Slavic dialect as Illirskee. He also wrote “Italian is spoken in all the seaports of Dalmatia “.

== Examples ==

Examples of '''Corzulot''' words compared with Vegliot, English and Croatian:

Corzulot - '''Dalmatian Vegliot''' - English - Croatian <ref>[//books.google.com.au/books?id=_lNjHgr3QioC&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=Croatian+Identity&source=bl&ots=fD7ElNqJfQ&sig=b_VK71LL4FYXG7LBjfPVUCSVC-E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eSClVOSxLuLWmAW484HYDQ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=Croatian%20Identity&f=false Language and Identity in the Balkans:] Serbo-Croatian and Its Disintegration ... By Robert D. Greenberg</ref>
* buža - bus - hole - rupa
* čimitir - chimitier - graveyard - groblje
* dent - diant - teeth - zubi
* faculet - fazuol - handkerchief - rubac
* fatiga - fatica - work - radi
* fermaj - fermai - stop - stoj
* jeloz - golaus - jealous - ljubomoran
* kantat - cantar - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)

'''Encyclopedia Britannica''' on Vegliot: {{quote|
''Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century. The Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century''.}}
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian. The last Italian government school was abolished in Korcula on the 13th of September 1876.]]

==Additional examples of words from the Korcula dialect of Croatia ==

(Korčula dialect - '''English''' - Croatian)
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* adio - goodbye - doviđenja (addio: meaning in Italian goodbye)
* afitat - rent ('''Venetian''':afìt)
* aimemeni - poor me ''or'' oh dear
* alavia - done properly ''or'' it's Ok! - u redu
* apoteka - pharmacy (Venetian: apoteca)
* arbol - ship's mast (In Venetian it means ''tree'')
* aria - air - zdrak (Venetian: aria)
* arma - armed (Venetian: arma)
* avižat - to arrive - došao
* baleta - bullet - metak (Venetian: bal)
* banda - side - strana (In Venetian it means ''side & flank'')
* balun - football (Venetian: balón)
* banak - bench (Venetian: banca)
* baraka - shed ''or'' shack (Venetian: baràca)
* barba - uncle - stric (Venetian: barba)
* barilo - barrel (Venetian: barìla)
* barka - type of local boat (Venetian: bàrca)
* bat - a type of hammer (Venetian: batu meaning to strike)
* bevanda - wine with water - vino sa vodom (Venetian: bevànda ''"watery wine"'')
* beštija - animal - životinja ([[latin|Latin]]: bestia ''also'' beast)
* beštimat - swear (Venetian: bestiemàr)
* bičve - socks - čarape
* bićerin - small glass (Venetian: bicér ''"glass"'')
* Brigela - local nickname (Venetian: brighela ''joker'')
* bobon - lolly
* boca - bottle - flaša (Venetian: boca)
* bonaca - the sea is dead calm (Venetian: bonàça)
* botilja - bottle ('''Romance Dalmatian''': ''botaila'')
* botun - button (Romance Dalmatian: ''botaun'')
* bravo - well done
* buka - noisy (Romance Dalmatian: ''mouth'')
* bukva - herring
* bura - local wind
* butiga - shop
* buža - hole - rupa (Venetian: bus ''or'' buxa)
* cilo - wine without water - vino bez vode
* cukar - sugar - šečer (Venetian: sucaro)
* čakule - gossip
* čagalj - jackal
* čorav - blind (Venetian: ciòro ''"blind person"'')
* damižana - a netted bottle
* daž - rain - kiša
* Dreto - straight (Romance Dalmatian: drat)
* '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
* Di greš?- Where are you going?
* faca - face - lice (Venetian: faca)
* fabrika - factory - tvornica (Latin: fabrica- manufacture ''or'' to craft, trade, art, trick, device)
* fabrikat - to trick
* falso - fake (Venetian: falso "liar")
* feral - a gas or petroleum lamp for attracting fish (night fishing). Also in Venetian feral means "lamp".
* fermai - stop - stani
* feta - slice (Venetian: feta)
* figura - figure (Venetian: figura)
* fjaka - When one feels sleepy on a lazy summer day afternoon.
* forma - shape (Venetian: forma)
* fraja - to go out and have a good time (Venetian: fraja-happy company ''or'' happy bunch)
* frigati - to fry (Romance Dalmatian: fregur)
* forca - power (apply with strength)
* fortuna - strong wind
* fratar - priest (Latin: frater ''meaning'' brother)
* fuga - gap (Latin: flight, escape)
* fumar - chimney (Venetian: fuma ''meaning'' smoke)
* fumati - smoking - pušiti
* furešti - foreigner - stranac
* gira - a fish from [[Croatia]].
* griža - a form of very hard stone
* gundula - type of boat
* gusti - enjoyment (Venetian: gusto-pleasurable)
* gusto - thick
* gustrina - underground rainwater reservoir
* guzica - bottom
* hoča - lets go
* idra ''or'' jidra - sails
* ito- and - i
* izilo - eaten
* kadena - chain (Romance Dalmatian:''kataina'')
* kajić - type of local boat
* '''Kalafat''' - means masters (shipyard workers) who filled the fissures between boards on a wooden boat.
* kamara - bedroom - soba (Latin: camera-vault, vaulted room)
* kantat - to sing - pjevati (Latin: canto)
* kapula - onion - luk (Romance Dalmatian: ''kapula'')
* karoca - small carriage (Venetian: carosa)
* katrida - chair - stolica (Romance Dalmatian: '' katraida'')
* katun - corner (Latin: cantus)
{{col-break}}
* '''klapa''' - an a cappella form of music (Venetian:clapa ''"singing crowd"'')
* koltrine - curtains
* kontra - against - protiv (Latin: contra)
* korač - hammer
* kormilo - rudder
* kurijozan - curiosity
* kužin - cousin - rođak (Venetian: cuxìn)
* lacun - bed sheets
* lapis - pencil - olovka (Venetian: apis)
* lavadin - washbasin (Venetian: lavandin)
* lešada - a type of fish soup (boiled)/ Lesada in Venetian means ''boil''.
* leut - type of local boat
* levant - local wind
* libro - book - knjiga
* licenca - licence - dozvola (Venetian: icenca)
* lipo - nice ''or'' beautiful - ljepo
* maistral - local wind
* makina - machine ''or'' engine
* '''Malandrin''' - Local nickname. In Venetian it means: ''dishonest or crook''
* mat ''or'' mati - mother - majka
* Maragun - wood worker (Venetian: Marangòn)
* mapa - map (Venetian: mapa)
* meća - to throw
* mezo - in between (Venetian: mèzo ''"half"'')
* mlinko - milk
* motika - local agricultural tool
* mudante - underwear (Venetian: mudande)
* noštromo - boatswain
* parića - to prepare
* pamidora - tomato ([[Italy|Italian]] pamidore)
* pandur - policemen - policija (Venetian: panduro)
* papit - this ''word'' is used when feeding a child - jedi djete (Venetian: papa-means ''baby food'')
* perun - fork (Venetian: pirón ''from'' [[Greece|Greek]]: pirouni)
* piat - plate
* pikolo - small, little (Venetian: picolo)
* '''Pelišac''' - Pelješac (other names used: Stonski Rat, Puncta Stagni, Ponta di Stagno and Sabioncello)
* pirula - pill - tableta (Venetian: pirola)
* pistun - piston (Venetian: piston)
* pitura - paint (Venetian: pitura-painting)
* '''poć na ribe''' - going fishing - ići na ribanje
* '''Pola''' - Pula (a city in today's modern Croatia)
* porat ''or'' porto - port, harbour - luka
* postoli - shoes - cipele
* postelja - bed
* potato - potato - krumpir
* punistra - window (Latin: fenestra)
* rič - word
* ritko - not often
* setemana - week - tijedan (Venetian: setemana)
* spim - I'm sleeping
* skula - school - škola
* soldi - money - novac (Latin: solidus)
* soto - underneath - ispod (Venetian: sot ''or'' soto)
* svit - people - narod
* šestan - attractive or good looking (Venetian:sesto-grace, well mannered)
* šija - reverse - natrag
* šiloko - local wind (Venetian: siròco)
* škoj - island - otok
* škver - shipyard - brodgradilište
* špirit - spirit
* šporko - dirty (Venetian: spórco)
* štrada - street - ulica
* šufit - attic ''or'' loft (Venetian: sofìta)
* šugaman - beach towel
* tata - father - otac
* torta - a type of cake (Venetian: torta)
* tavajol - tablecloth (Venetian: toaja)
* temple'' or'' timpre - temple (anatomical)
* terpeza - table - stol
* ura - hour - jedan sat
* vapor - ferry - trajekt (Venetian: Bapor meaning ''steamship'')
* vara vamo - move on
* vedro - clear sky
* vijaž (''or'' vijaz) - meaning a sailors tour
* vrime (''or'' brime) - weather - vrijeme
* Vi ga niste vidili - You did not see him.
* zeje - local dish
* zrcalo - mirror - ogledalo
{{col-end}}
</div>

Each town and village on the island have their own unique version of the dialect. The Korčula dialect is found in the local folk music. The local Klape groups (an a cappella form of music) sing using the Korčula dialect. The well know Croatian singer, ''Oliver Dragojevic'', has used the dialect in his music.

----
One of Korčula's older names was Curzola. The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the ''Republic of Venice''. The Old-Slavic term was Krkar. According to Antun Rosanovic (Defence of Korcula in 1571) the Greeks named it Kórkyra Melaena meaning Black Corfu after their homeland and the dense woods on the island.

'''Note''': The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula (Curzola) on the 13th of September 1876.
* Information below taken from Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:
'' "Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns. " ''
* From the late 19th century onwards the old [[Dalmatian Italians#The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia |Dalmatian]] culture has been all but disappearing from the region.

[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|left|500px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from 1903, written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by Ernesto Furlani.]]
[[File:Korcula Town.jpg|thumb|left|315px|Korcula Town photo by [[Peter Zuvela]]]]

== Additional History ==

===Arneri Lords of Korcula===

Historic quote taken from ''Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic'' written by Andrew Archibald Paton in '''1861'''. Chapter 4 - The Dalmatian Archipelago on page 164.
* Signor Arneri from the town of Korčula stated to Andrew Archibald Paton:

{{quote|
''These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors built this palace; so that, you see, I am Dalmatian. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic [Editors notes: Republic of Venice]; but the hero of our race was Arneri Perussich, whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the Siege of Candia, whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich '' }} Note: Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19 century he visited Korčula in the early 1860s. He spoke Italian very fluently.

=== Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem ===
* Below is Pietro Casola writing about Korčula (Curzola) in '''1494''':
" ''On Friday, the 13th of June, we left the canal of Lesina [Hvar-Editors note] after sunrise and made sail with a very slight wind ; but as the day advanced the wind improved and we came opposite the citadel of Curzola (Note '''58'''), which is beautiful to look at from the outside. The captain did not wish to stop there for fear of losing the favourable wind, and thus we passed by, and could only admire the place from the outside; it is said to be sixty miles from Lesina. The captain related that a few years ago King Ferdinand, the former King of Naples, sent his fleet there to pry and steal it from the Venetians, but he failed completely because the people of Curzola were valiant, and defended themselves from that attack without additional help from the Signoria of Venice, to whom they are subject.'' (p171)

''Curzola: Reached Curzola, ('''1.''') a citadel in Dalmatia, and as bright and clean as a beautiful jewel. It has no drawbridges, but it has strong walls, and it will be stronger still when a wall is finished which has been begun towards the sea. At first sight the said citadel appears to be flat, but one perceives on entering it that all the streets ascend a little. The streets are narrow and dark, but they are paved with stones. The city is built on a rock. Many of the houses are built in the modern style and are handsome enough for a great city. They are built of white stone like marble and sculptured. It was a marvel to me to see so many beautiful houses in that place. The Cathedral Church, considering its importance and also that of the city, is beautiful. It is entirely built of beautiful squared stones.''
''The choir is beautiful and the church is well served. The said citadel is full of people.

* ('''1.''') In 1494 the Venetian Count or Governor of Curzola was Ser Simon Capello, who remained there three years, until January, 1496. Segretario alle Voci, Reg. vi. p, 68. Archives of Venice. (p327,p328)
*'Note 58''': Curzola. The battle referred to by Casola took place in August, 1483. During the war between Venice and Ferrara (1482 — 1484), King Ferdinand of Naples, in support of his son-in-law the Duke of Ferrara, sent a fleet against Curzola. It was defeated by the inhabitants under Giorgio Viario, the then Count or Governor.'' (p377)
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|400px|The '''Chapel''' of Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korcula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD, whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century.Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]

== See also ==
* [[Dalmatian Italians#The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia|The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia-Croatia]]
* [[Defence of Korcula]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Korcula and Italian Wikipedia]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]

==External Links==
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola Wikipedia: Battle of Curzola]
* [http://www.vlada.hr/en Government of the Republic Croatia - Official Web Portal]

[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Croatia.svg.png||thumb|left|250px|Coat of arms of Croatia (Hrvatska)]]

==Notes and References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
* Venetian-English English-Venetian: When in Venice Do as the Venetians by Lodovico Pizzati
* Encyclopedia Britannica: "Korčula, Italian Curzola, Greek Corcyra Melaina, island in the Adriatic Sea, on the Dalmatian coast, in Croatia. With an area of 107 square miles (276 square km), it has a hilly interior rising to 1,863 feet (568 m). The Greeks colonized it in the 4th century bc. Korčula was subsequently occupied by the Romans, Goths, Slavs, Byzantines, and Genoese; the kings of Hungary and Croatia"
*Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson.Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology.
* Venice and the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff.
* '''Note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was Duke Branimir (Latin: "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit" c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.
* The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion-Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian ruled city and were victorious. Lasting from 1648 to 1669, it is conceded by some to be the longest siege in history.
* Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic: By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. '''Andrew Archibald Paton''' (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19th century.
*Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by Marinko Gjivoje, Zagreb 1969. The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korcula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography: ''Piruzović''
* Smiciklas, CD V, N. Klaic, Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom & When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans (by John Van Antwerp Fine): “'' In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent. ”''
[[File:Venetian galley at Curzola-engraving.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A 19th century engraving of a Venetian galley fighting a Genoese fleet at the'' Battle of Curzola'' in 1298. The Granger Collection-England]]
* The Land of 1000 Islands by Igor Rudan
* The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11 : The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone
* An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index
* Croatian Adriatic: History, Culture, Art & Natural Beauties
* The Shores of the Adriatic (Illustrated Edition) by F Hamilton Jackson
* The Italians of Dalmatia by Luciano Monzali
* Editor's note: ''In the neighbouring Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia a Croatian nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduce (a process of Croatisation) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).''
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka: (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870)
*'''Note''': The traditional Klapa was composed of up to a dozen male singers (in recent times there are female Klape groups). Klapa singing dates back centuries. The arrival of the Slavic-Croatians to Dalmatia and their subsequent settlement in the area, began the process of the cultural mixing of Slavic culture with that of the traditions of the Roman-Latin population of Dalmatia. This process was most evident in the coastal and island regions of Dalmatia. In the 19th century a standard form of Klapa singing emerged. Church music heavily influences the arrangements of this music giving it the musical form that exists today.

<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Keyword:=Korcula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Korčulanski]]
[[Keyword:=Directory:Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Corzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Korzulot]]
[[Keyword:=Croatian dialect]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Latin]]
[[Keyword:=Klapa]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula town]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Lumbarda]]
[[Keyword:=Racisce]]
[[Keyword:=Zrnovo]]
[[Keyword:=Pupnat]]
[[Keyword:=Smokvica]]
[[Keyword:=Cara]]
[[County_Name:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dalmatia]]
[[City:=Korcula]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Oliver Dragojevic::Korčulanski]]
[[Oliver Dragojević::Korčula Dialect]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Korcula::Arneri Lords of Korcula]]
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-16T08:30:57Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (page 168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλος, Antonios, Greek alphabet: Αντώνιος and Antonis Greek alphabet: Αντώνης). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-16T08:28:22Z

Peter Z.: /* THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs */ (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος, Antonios, Greek alphabet: Αντώνιος and Antonis Greek alphabet:Αντώνης)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Greek alphabet: Ζουβέλος, Antonios, Greek alphabet: Αντώνιος and Antonis Greek alphabet: Αντώνης). They settled, in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

Antonio Xuvella comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T11:35:22Z

Peter Z.: /* THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs */Fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Žuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T08:16:59Z

Peter Z.: /* Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ? */ (Autun)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella (Autun) in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T08:14:26Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */ (Autun)

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella (Autun) was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T08:11:26Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees but with no dates of birth. The first born recorded on the island was in 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T08:05:31Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić he received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees. The first born on the island 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T08:04:00Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834.
'''NOTE''': According to Maričić received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees. The first born on the island 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T08:01:31Z

Peter Z.: /* The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834.
'''NOTE''': Maričić received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees. The first born on the island 1651 the grandchild of Antonio.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<br>

[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>

Directory:Zuvela

2024-05-14T07:54:17Z

Peter Z.: fine tune

{{DISPLAYTITLE:The Zuvela Surname}}
[[File:250px-Croatia-Dalmatia-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Dalmatia (the dark purple) within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The island of Korcula is marked red.]]
The '''Zuvela''' surname has strong roots originating from the western end of the island of Korcula in [[Croatia]]. Its original spelling was ''Xuvella''. There are other variations on the surname; Xuvélla, Zuvella and Žuvela (to name a few). In the Croatian language the Ž is pronounced as J in French ''''J'''acques', so Ž is zh.

= The Zuvela’s Arrived on the West End of Korcula in the Early 1600s =

The Zuvela’s arrived on the west end of Korčula in the early 1600’s and settled in a small field called '''Rasohatica''' (in Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''"). There are still small remnants of stone huts there to this day. First time the surname ''Xuvella'' was mentioned was in Blato in a document dated 2nd of February '''1642'''.<ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834.
'''NOTE''': Maričić received this information from: 'Sources for the History of the Island of Korčula' by Ante Kalogjera, Zagreb (Izvori za povijest otoka Korčula 1980, written in Croatian). The book has many translations of old records of the Venetian Republic in relation to Korčula (from Venetian-Italian to standard Croatian).</ref>

We can summarise in the village of Blato on the 2nd of February, 1642 on the island of Korčula, part of the Republic of Venice, a contract of land transaction was concluded. The neighboring land mentioned was in Postražišće. This neighboring land belonged to Antonio Xuvella (modern Croatian ''or'' Hrvatski: Antun Žuvela) without mentioning the family origin, for example family lineage ''via'' the father; ''son of .......'' . This is the first record that mentions the Zuvela family.

According to surviving documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian).The information is taken from 'Vela Luka from 1490 to 1834 - Slike iz Velalučke Prošlosti'.
</ref> we have '''Antonio Xuvella''' (Autun):

'''1.''' Property in Postražišće, 1642.

'''2.''' Being a witness for a document signing in 22/05/1644.

'''3.''' Having house ownership in the village (Blato) prior to 18/04/1649, date of exchange.

At the time, Korčula was part of the ''Republic of Venice'' within the Venetian Dalmatia province<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> (Dalmazia Veneta ''or'' in old Venetian: Dalmàssia). From where exactly the original Zuvelas migrated is still a mystery to this editor. The Republic of Venice <ref>Note: In old Venetian 'Repùblega de Venèsia' also know as La Serenissima </ref> did have population movement within her eastern Mediterranean empire and did accept refugees and migrants within her boundaries during her long history. They came from all parts of [[Europe]] (i.e. Spain <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K7oAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA116&dq=history+of+dalmatia+Spain+Spalato&hl=en&ei=9oL1TK61LYmxcbzkqOYE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro:] With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina -Volume 1 ''by'' John Gardner Wilkinson (p116).</ref>). Many of them were Christians from the Ottoman Empire <ref>[http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC2121596;jsessionid=D7FB2EB2AF6E1C5733100CA2C94C626F.jvm1 The Land of 1000 Islands] ''by'' Igor Rudan Copyright © 2006 by the Croatian Medical Journal. All rights reserved.
*"''However, the clashes between the Ottoman Empire and Venetian Republic produced extensive migrations from the mainland areas, especially from today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, to the eastern parts of the islands of Brac, Hvar, Korcula, and Pag.''"</ref> which ruled the Balkans for centuries.

[[File:PZ 0J3A9184 CR.jpg |thumb|left|455px|West end of the island of Korcula, land on which the Zuvelas settled on. In the distance is the village of Blato.]]
[[File:Croatia Rasohatica .jpg|thumb|left|455px|Rasohatica - One of the first stone Zuvela houses on the island (1600s)]]
It was an era of the Black Plague, Ottoman (Turkish) invasions and Uskoci in the Republic of Venice's Dalmatian region.
As written before first mention was in Blato (Blatta) documents in 1642, Antonio Xuvella was probably born around 1610s, or earlier, 1590-1600s (most likely Zouvella-Greek or Greco-Venetian <ref>The mystery of the old Zuvela’s might remain a permanent mystery. The family origin story was not passed on, sadly. Based on records from Venice’s period of rule (1600s), documents were written in Venetia - Italian. The first Zuvela was recorded as Antonio Xuvella (1642). That’s as far back as one can go historically with certainty. Antonio upon arrival would also later have been known as Autun (or Ante) and called as such by the local community as they were mainly of Slavic - Croatian heritage.

His wife is not recorded but based on family trees there seems to be '''five sons'''. The sons have no date of birth and it can not be confirmed that they were born on the island of Korcula. This would suggest that they arrived as a family unit; Father, Mother and five sons. The children of the five sons have been recorded in the family trees.

Genetically ''via'' the '''male Y gene''' the data places them in the Eastern Mediterranean (Greek origins). There are very similar Greek surnames to Zuvela and most promising is '''Zouvelos'''. The shared spelling (and feel) is very close.

The name Antonio suggests Italian heritage but it might not be the case. The 1642 reference is based on the written language of the Republic of Venice, so no certainty on the origin story there either. </ref>).
===Zuvelas Abandoned Rasohatica===
The Zuvelas abandoned Rasohatica and moved to live in the village of Blato. From there members of the Zuvela family moved to the Bay of Vela Luka (and participated in establishing the town). It is interesting to note that the Zuvelas by the 1690s had houses in the bay of Vela Luka (farm/work cottages in the bay ''or'' as per map of Korčula by V.M Coronelli 1688, warehouses of sardines and wine).

Zuvelas were engaged in sheep farming, construction and limestone klins. We have more; agriculture, fishing and seafaring just to mention a few occupations. They also liked to build on their land circular drywall cottages (locally Vrtujak also other names in the region; Kažun, Trullo, etc.).

In more modern times they have migrated to [[Australia]] as well as the [[Directory:United States of America|United States]] and other parts of the world. According to 'The Statue of Liberty―Ellis Island Foundation Inc', one Zuvela Doda Marino in 1901 arrived in New York on the ship L'Aquitaine <ref> Steamship Line: Compagnie Générale Transatlantique CGT - French Line
</ref>

Some early information concerning the early Zuvelas of Korčula was written by a local 19th century historian from Blato called Nikola Ostojic (below): {{quote|
'''''36'''. Xuvella. Of these people I don’t have old memories [any history] except for their primitive residence that was in Rasohatica from where they moved to Blato, Velikom Ucijaku. Afterwards from the 1700s they built large houses and floors/attics/lofts which now remain largely empty because of their move to Vela Luka'' <ref>Vela Luka-Historijsko Topografski Prikaz/Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola by Nikola Ostojić ''Eng'': Vela Luka - Historical Topographic View</ref>}} He wrote a book about the small town of Vela Luka in '''1852'''. As we can see by 1852 Nikola Ostojic states that the Zuvelas had no origin stories/old memories (as he puts it), which means by the mid 1850's it was not know from where they came from. The family by then had been on Korčula for over 215 years and had lost their history. The book was published in 1953 (in Croatian) and was originally written in [[Italy|Italian]] (with a slight Venetian dialect).

During the time of the writing of Nikola Ostojic's book (Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola), Italian was the official language of the Dalmatian province<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p12) written in Croatian.</ref> at the time and had been so for centuries. In the late 1850s the Croatian language which was referred to as '''Illyrian'''<ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci, (p.50) written in Croatian. </ref><ref>Illyrian is taken '''from Illyricum''' which was a province of the Roman Empire. It was named after one of the indigenous peoples in that region. Please note it was later established that the Slavic Croatian language had nothing to do with the ancient Illyrian population of Europe. </ref> was introduced by the [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities as a second standardised language within the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). It then replaced Italian altogether. Thus the surname Xuvella became '''Žuvela'''. From the late 19th century onwards the [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] culture has all but disappeared from the region. The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia''' (within Austro-Hungarian Empire, Königreich Kroatien - Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the late 1850s started to introduce a process of Croatisation, (Neo Shtokavian a form of Croato-Serbian) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. For a few years Italian schools were still being run privately in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref>
* Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka '''states''':
{{quote|
''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns'' <ref>The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.12 written in Croatian, part of Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci)</ref>}}

Below is information '''taken''' from the Vela Luka Primary School records. It mentions one ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'':

* School year 1862./63.; III. r. [grade 3] ''Xuvella Giacobbo di Francesco'' <ref>Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (p50)
* The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) written in Croatian:

"''The article analyses the preparations for the foundation of the first regular primary school in Vela Luka based on numerous archival materials and bibliography. The school was founded as '''''Scuola Elementare Minore''''' in 1857. The introductory part examines a general context, i.e. development of Vela Luka as a town and a parish until the-mid 19th century. The article also gives a brief outline of formal education of girls.''"</ref>

Historically the mother tongue of the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) is Old Croatian.<ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (c. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"'' c. 880 AD). Branimir was a '''Slav''' from Dalmatia.</ref> The [[Korcula Dialect|Korčula dialect]] <ref>NOTE: The local dialect is sometimes referred to as ''Naski'' or more correctly ''Naški''. The '''š''' is pronounced '''sh'''.
*Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (an 19 century [[United Kingdom|English]] historian. October 5, 1797 – October 29, 1875) was an English traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology". He referred to the Dalmatian Slavic (old Croatian) as Illirskee. Cited from [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONQBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=Dalmatia+and+Montenegro+Naski&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjv0ZjBzdDVAhXLG5QKHXe0DwAQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=Dalmatia%20and%20Montenegro%20Naski&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p33)</ref> of the local Croatian language acquired many influences over the centuries, such as the now extinct [[Latin]] Romance language Dalmatian,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KZMjAQAAIAAJ&q=Dalmatian+language+korcula&dq=Dalmatian+language+korcula&hl=en&ei=WmNGTPzMH4GyvgPGq_i4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ Collegium Antropologicum, Volumes 15-16] by Croatian Anthropological Society-1991. (p311)</ref> Venetian and others. It has to be taken into account that some parts of the population were bilingual (''or'' even multilingual).

====EPIDEMIC of 1617 - Conquests of the Ottoman Empire ====
As we know in the early 1600s, the Zuvelas settled in a small field, Rasohatica, at the western end of the island of Korčula. Perhaps they were fleeing from the territorial conquest of the Turks that lasted for centuries. Even after the conquests of the Ottoman Empire (the Turks) many people wanted to escape, and some of it is well documented.

Pandemics were present and were part of the Levant’s (east) main trade route. Before the arrival of Zuvela on Korčula, there was an epidemic and depopulation. This made a lot of new land '''available'''. Below information is from doctor Nikola Bačić 2007 (taken from 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula 2007'):

{{quote|
''13. EPIDEMIC 1617.
It swept all of Dalmatia, but left the most severe consequences on the island of Korčula. It appeared first with the sailors of the Venetian ship (as N. Ostojić describes) who wintered in Korčula that year. Suburban homes had to be emptied to turn into dwellings for diseased sailors. The contagion soon spread to citizens and within a few months more than half of the population had died. A particularly devastating disease was, according to the data, for wealthier residents, so many entire noble families who had a reputation [history] for their homeland were extinct.<ref> 'Plague Epidemic on the Island of Korcula' by Nikola Bačić 2007, Epidemije kuge na otoku Korčuli, Nikola Bačić; Dom zdravlja Dr. A. Franulovića Vela Luka: https://hrcak.srce.hr/298317 </ref>}}

=== New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island) 1892-1924 ===
[[File:Korcula Postcard 1902.jpg|thumb|right|275px|A '''Korcula''' postcard from 1902 in Italian.]]
In 1907 a young 18 year old Peter Zuvela arrived in [[New York]]. On the ''"List or Manifest of alien Passengers for the U.S Immigration Officer at port of arrival"'' his name is registered as Peter Ante Zuvela. Later for some reason it was change to Peter Zuvola. In the actual Immigration Manifest there is mention of another Zuvela, both were registered as Non Immigration Aliens.

'''Below''' info taken from'' familysearch.org''.<ref>[https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/JXXJ-CNG www.familysearch.org: Peter A... Zuvola]</ref>
* Given name: Peter A...
* Surname: Zuvola
* Last place of residence: Vela Luka
* Date of arrival: 08 Mar 1907
* Age at arrival: 18y
* Ethnicity: Austrian, Dalmatian
* Port of departure: Trieste
* Port of arrival: New York
* Gender: Male
* Marital status: S
* US citizen:
* Ship of travel: Pannonia

Peter Ante Zuvela immigrated from the Austro-Hungarian Empire with his sisters Marija and Vica to the USA. In 1912 he married Marija Oreb (also from Vela Luka, Korčula). They had 10 children and 37 grandchildren. Peter worked in the iron ore mines and on commercial fishing boats. In 1937 the whole family of 10 kids moved to Washington state (USA) and settled in Everett where he lived until his death in 1964. Back in the old country (Korčula island), he would have been know as Petar Žuvela - Ante. Ante is a family Zuvela clan nickname.
[[File:PZ Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966).jpg|thumb|left|490px|Peter Zuvela (1889-1964) and Marija Oreb (1891-1966) Taken in their back yard in Everett Washington (circa 1950’s).]]
[[File:242424 1862049509067 689609 o.jpg|thumb|right|475px|A ''Vela Luka-Vallegrande'' postcard from the early 1900s written in Croatian and [[Italy|Italian]]. Photo taken by E. Furlani]]

==New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island)==

'''List from Korcula <ref> Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result </ref>:'''

The spelling is ''per'' the New York Passenger Arrival Lists of Ellis Island.

1. Doda Marino Zuvela - Curzola 1901

2. Kokot Vinc. Zuvela - Corzola 1901

3. Iroce Nicolo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

4. Petrun Antonio Zuvela - Vallegrande 1902

5. Antonio Zuvela - Vollegrande 1903

6. Geovanni Zuvela - Triest 1903

7. Luigia Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

8. Doda Zuvela - Velaluha, Austria 1904

9. Vincenzo Zuvela - Vallegrande 1904

10. Piotr Zuvela-Kroz..., Austria 1905

11. Giorgis Zuvela - Cuyola 1906

12. Marin Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

13. Petar Zuvela - Veloluka 1906

14. Ivan Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

15. Tote Zuvela - Blato, Austria 1910

16. Marko Zuvela - Blatto, Dalmatia 1910

17. Jerko Zuvela - Velaluka 1912

18. Yela Zuvela - Vallegrande, Austria 1914

19. Petar Zuvela - Raguse, Herzegov (USA) 1920

20. Mare Zuvela Grizim - Valegranda, Jugoslavia 1921 <ref>Mainly referenced from https://heritage.statueofliberty.org/passenger-result</ref>
==Gallery-Zuvela Crosses and FX signature on the Island of Korcula==
[[File:Zuvela Cross.jpg|thumb|left|290px|Zuvela cross (Brbe) at Vincidur. Built in 1761.]]
[[File:Zuvela Cross near Rasohatica.jpg|thumb|center|365px|Zuvela cross near Rasohatica (next to Krusevo). Built in 1818.]]
[[File:FX Signature 1837.jpg|thumb|center|400px|FX signature from 1837. X is for Xuvella. Photo taken in Vela Luka in 'Guvno'.]]

=='''Additional''' Surnames Similar to Zuvella but not of Korčula Origins plus Zouvelos (Ellis Island)==

* We have migrant Athena Zouvella from Zakynthos, Greece 1922 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZOUVELLA&PLNM=ZOUVELLA&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1] per New York Passenger Arrival Lists - Ellis Island.

Zouvella (modern Zouvela) from Zakynthos is the closest spelling to Xuvella. It is very probable that the Zuvela surname came from Zouvelos. The Greek source surname Zouvelos (Ζουβέλος), with the arrival of the Republic of Venice in Greece's coastal area, I assume that the old Venetian influence made it Zouvella. When the surname passed to Dalmazia Veneta (for example Korčula, southern Dalmatia, today part of modern Croatia) it was written as Xuvella. At the time of arrival of Zuvelas, a large population of Croats already lived on the island of Korčula. "Zo" was changed to X. Basically, old Croatian and more Venetian influences were added. X was sometimes used in the old Venetian-Italian language to write (modern) Žrnovo as '''X'''ernova, a small village on Korčula. The family name Žanetić was written '''X'''acnich.
===Additional===
* Felippa Zavello Ianain 1892
* Angela Zavello Oddalengo, Oddalengo, Grande, Italy 1907
* Franceso Zavello 1922

* Emanuele Zivello Castelfranci, Italy 1910 [http://www.ellisisland.org/search/matchMore.asp?LNM=ZIVELLO&PLNM=ZIVELLO&first_kind=1&kind=exact&offset=0&dwpdone=1]
==THE OLD (stare) ZUVELAs==
Based on the records and information which are available to me, I have come to this conclusion written below. My research is largely based on the writings of Zvonko Maričić and Don Ivo Oreb (family tree research) ''plus'' Nikola Ostojic's original book (for viewing) and four 'Family Trees of the Zuvelas' that were kindly given to me.
[[File:St Damian.jpg|thumb|right|455px|The '''Chapel''' off Saint Cosmas (Kuzma) and Saint Damian on the island of Korčula. The foundations are from the 6th century AD (Roman), whilst the rest of the ''Chapel'' was rebuilt in the 11 century. The Chapel is on the Blato Field near by Blato and Rasohatica. Photo by [[Peter Zuvela]] ]]
'''CONCLUSION'''

The Zuvelas came to the Republic of Venice's, Dalmazia Veneta in the 1620s most likely refugees from Greece (Greco-Venetian original Zouvello modern Zouvela Greek: Ζουβέλα or Zouvelos, Ζουβέλος). They settled in the west end of the island of Korčula (previously ''also know'' as Curzola <ref>Greek: Kórkyra Melaena or Κόρκυρα Μέλαινα, and Corcyra Nigra (Latin)</ref>). Temporary residency was set up in a small field called Rasohatica (previously know ''as'' Rasohatija). After that they moved to Blato (previously '''also''' know as Blatta).

'''Antonio Xuvella''' comes up in my research that is '''not''' recorded as being born on Korčula (not registered ''via'' church records of births). However Antonio (modern Croatian: Antun) is mentioned in the town documents <ref>Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834 ''by'' Zvonko Maričić (p168, written in Croatian). It mentions '''Antun''' (Antonio) who is not part of the Zuvela Korčula born family tree (''or'' any family trees). This could indicate him as a Korčula island '''migrant''' arrival, also read '''ref ''' 7</ref> and his record is the oldest which was in Blato dated 2nd of February 1642.

Antonio (Antun) was probably the father of the Zuvela family because his generation (records wise) is older than the others. I have come to a conclusion based on family naming traditions that his wife might have been called Jacquilin, Greek: Zaklín or Ζακλίν (Cro: Jaka, Jakica). They had five sons and the first are written according to the historical original sources (the translation work is done by Don Ivo Oreb of his family tree research) and one being additional from Zvonko Maričić (ref 26).

There names are:

'''1.''' Matteo

'''2.''' Cosma

'''3.''' Giacobbe <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. Thus, in the contract of 15th of February 1672 " " freely gives to Jakov [Giacobbe] Žuvelić of the late Antun [Antonio].... one piece of land ..... "''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168. Written in Croatian.</ref>

'''4.''' Antonio

'''5.''' Nicolo

In Don Ivo Oreb's work there are no dates of birth for these individuals. His ''Croatian version'' is based on the source documents that are written in Venetian Italian.

==The Newly Arrived Zuvela's Started Families==

With the current data available.

'''1.''' son Matteo/'''modern Matij''' had a son called '''Antun''' (Antonio) who was born in '''1651''' on Korčula (mostly likely first born on the island of Korčula). <ref>According to two of the Zuvela family trees Ante (Antonio) was '''born 1651''' and is the son of Matteo/Matij. Matteo/Matij Xuvella is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island of Korčula.</ref>

'''Antun''' (Antonio ''or'' Ante b.1651) then married '''Frana''' and they had '''five''' children (Matteo's grand children and Antonio's great grand children):
* Matij born 1670 (Matij married Kata Farčić ''or'' Katarina <ref> Katarina per birth certificate of their son Autun (Antonio) born 27th of April 1712 in Blato. Kata Farčić is per marriage certificate recorded 27th of April 1709 in Blato (island of Korčula) then part of the Republic of Venice.</ref>)
* Marin 1675
* Ivan 1681
* Jaka 1683
* Nikola 1684

(Based on Zuvela Grizun's and Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family trees)

'''2. '''son Cosma/'''Kuzma''' had a son called Ivan

(Based on Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes ''"…. or Ivan [Giovanni] son of the late Kuzma [Cosma] 22nd of December 1672"''. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, page 168 (written in Croatian). According to Zvonko Maričić, Ivan was a witness to a contract being signed in 1672 and '''his''' father was '''Kuzme'''. Kuzma (Cosma) is not part of the Zuvela Korčula family trees as being born on the island, this may indicate him as a migrant arrival.)

'''Please note''': It would seem that the old Zuvela/Xuvellas could read. We are looking at Old Venetian-Italian. </ref>)

'''3.''' son Giacobbe/'''Jakov''' had a son Nikola

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree and Zvonko Maričić's work <ref>Info obtain ''via'' Zvonko Maričić's work. He writes about Nikoli (Nicolo) Žuvela of the late Jakov (Giacobbe) regarding purchases of land, date 3rd of March 1679. Referenced from 'Vela Luka od 1490 do 1834' by Zvonko Maričić, on page 168 (written in Croatian).</ref>)

'''4.''' son Antonio/'''Autun''' had a son Marko

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb's Žuvela family tree)

'''5.''' son Nicolo/'''Nikola''' had a son Jakov

(Based on Don Ivo Oreb 's Žuvela family tree)

There is another mystery Zuvela (Jerko) who is mentioned within the writings of Zvonko Maričić (p169) which is in 1705, Nikola of the late Jerka Žuvela.
===='''Franko''' Lemunada ====
Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) - Lemunada was born in 1795 and had four sons (wife unknown):

* Ćoro was Franko born 1828 (died 1909). Franko lived for 81 years.
* Mede was Nikola b. 1830 (d.1899). Nikola lived for 69 years.
* Lese was Ante b. 1833 (d.1900). Antun lived for 67 years.
* Treće was Ivan b. 1835 (d.1918). Ivan lived for 83 years.
Ćoro, Mede, Lese and Treće became local clan names (started off as nicknames).

Franko Lemunada is descendent from Franko Žuvela (Xuvella) 1750 - 1819 and his wife was Jaka Kovacevich.
====Are all Zuvelas descended from these individuals ?====
One has to ask, is it possible that the Zuvela families are all descended from the individuals mentioned above? It’s most likely true. We may also be looking at the original residents of Rasohatica and Blato!

Importantly the early Zuvelas in economic terms were no time wasters (wealth might have been brought with them). A Mr Antonio Xuvella in the 1640s was an owner of no less than 211 sheep. The Zuvelas moved to the near by village of Blato and bought, acquired houses and properties there, later land and properties acquired ''or'' bought in and around the bay of Vela Luka (previously ''also know'' as Vallegrande. Latin: vallem maximam).

For many centuries Romance Latin language called Dalmatian <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely''' assume is that from the 13th century onwards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent. Further to the fact a community is needed to speak Dalmatian Latin in order for it be present.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> was the norm on the island. Later it was joined by old Croatian Chakavian language. With time these languages started to overlap. By the time the Zuvelas arrived on the island the majority of the population of the island of Korčula (in particularly the west end) spoke ''old Croatian'' <ref>Closely related to Chakavian of the 15th century. " ''..... Chakavian dialects of western Croatia, Istria, the coast of Dalmatia (where a literature in that dialect developed in the 15th century), and some islands in the Adriatic. In those areas...'' " '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/104539/Chakavian</ref> with a mix of the Romance Dalmatian language <ref>Dalmatian-language:''"Dalmatian language, extinct Romance language formerly spoken along the Dalmatian coast from the island of Veglia (modern Krk) to Ragusa (modern Dubrovnik). Ragusan Dalmatian probably disappeared in the 17th century; the Vegliot Dalmatian dialect became extinct in the 19th century"'' '''taken''' from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150247/Dalmatian-language.</ref> and with heavy influences of Venetian (''lingua franca'' of that era). This is in essence is the old Korčula dialect.

So with time verbally Antonio would become '''Antun''' ''or'' Ante. It is quite possible later that both verbally Antonio and Ante were used with Antonio slowly disappearing from local language, an ongoing process of several centuries. Written language was a different story, Latin and Venetian Italian were the standard written language back then so Antonio still existed in written form. In 1797 the island of Korčula was no longer part of the Republic of Venice (dissolved by the French Empire: 1797). The last Italian language government school was abolished in the town of Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.

According to some sources todays Croatian Žuvelas are "''the second most common surname in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia'' ". Currently my thoughts on the actual word Xuvella as a surname was reinterpret with the Zuvelas arrival on the island in the early 1600s, which also signalled a new fresh start for the family.

== Images ==
[[File:Book-Ostojic.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's writing (p29).]]
[[File:Croatia Vela Luka.JPG|thumb|left|450px|Vela Luka (Croatia) on the island of Korčula.]]

[[File:Zuvella Trullo.jpg|thumb|right|450px|A Zuvela circular dry stone building in Bradat ''''Treće (Lese) Vrtujak'''', built in 1920. <ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020</ref> According to the locals (Vela Luka) some of them were built by the Zuvelas. ]]

=Zuvela Vrtujaks=
There are circular dry stone buildings (Vrtujak/Rotunda/Trullo) on the island of Korčula in CROATIA which are mainly found in the west end of the island. There are around 20 of them in the region (according to Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain: VRTUJCI i PICUNI 2020). Most were built by the Zuvela families (Vela Luka - Blato area). Locally they are called ‘Vrtujak’. The vrtujak term in the Croatian language references the circular nature of the structure. Rotunda type circular dry stone structures seem to have been built during the Republic of Venice period but these unique architectural field stone buildings (mainly around the town of Vela Luka) were built in 19th century. Some have been dated even as late as the early 20th century.

Other circular dry stone buildings which are near Korčula are (locally) on the island of Brač where they are called Bunje ''or'' Kućice, and there are also some on Hvar (Trima). They are also located in Istria, ‘Kažun’ in Croatia and are in and around the town of Alberobello (in the province of Bari, Italy).
[[File:PZ HERETOV Rotunda (1).jpg||thumb|center|505px|HERETOV Rotunda.<ref>Rada Dragojevic 'Kucice na Vrtujak na Podruju Vele Luke' Lusko Libro 2006 (in Croatian)</ref> Circular dry-stone building of the Zuvela family in Strmena. The older
term could have been ''''Rotunda'''' as in ‘Heretov Rotunda’.The builder of Heretov Rotunda was Petar Žuvela Dvojar 'Here' (1874-1927). It has been written the older term for Vrtujak was Kućica (small house).<ref>VRTUJCI I PICUNI by Maja Šunjić and Ivan Tabain 2020 (in Croatian)</ref>]]

=See also=
[[File:Book detail 19th century.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Detail of Nikola Ostojic's book (front cover: Vallegrande nell' isola di Curzola) from the 19th century were the Zuvela/Xuvellas are mentioned.]]

* [[Korcula Dialect|Korcula Dialect]]
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]
* [[Croatian Slavic Identity]]
* [[Vallegrande Speak|Old Vela Luka Dialect]]

----

=External links=
* [http://www.apartmanija.hr/slike/slike_gradovi/korcula.jpg Photo link for a '''aerial view''' of Korcula Town]
* [http://www.korculainfo.com/ Korcula Info]
* [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=zuvelpa01 Paul '''Zuvella''' - former USA Major League Baseball player]
* [http://www.natashazuvela.com/ Natasha Zuvela - Australian TV Presenter, Speaker and Author]
* [http://www.berserkalert.com.au/ Tony Zuvela - Australian cartoonist]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/6181925 Domenica Žuvela a Croatian singer]
* [https://www.istria-culture.com/en/the-kazun-park-i174/The Kažun Park]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trullo Trullo]

=Notes and References=
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
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[[Category:History]]
<br>
<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
[[City:=Korčula]]
[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
[[Korcula::Dalmatian Language]]
[[Keyword:=Korcula History]]
[[Keyword:=Korčula]]
[[Keyword:=Blato]]
[[Keyword:=Vela Luka]]
[[Keyword:=Dalmatian]]
[[Keyword:=Republic of Venice]]
[[Keyword:=Venetian]]
[[Keyword:=Antonio Xuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Antun Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Natasha Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Tony Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Paul Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zuvela
[[Keyword:=Peter Zuvela]]
[[Keyword:=Petar Žuvela]]
[[Keyword:=1642]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvella]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvela]]
[[Keyword:=Zouvelos]]
[[Keyword:=Greco Venetian]]

</div>
<br>